Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works

Contents II. Introduction2 III. Com vomiters2 A. mainframe figurer2 B. depot computer memory3 1. Primary repositing3 2. Secondary storage4 C. Peripherals8 1. Ink-jets (bubble-jets) newspaperwomans8 2. laserjet printers9 IV. Connecting To Internet10 V. end point12 VI. beginning List13 * Introduction Nowadays, running business in 20th century government agency that you got to be clever about technology. When companies be striving for luxuriouslyer achievements and to a greater extent-efficient workability, vicissitude is what every peerless craving for. Thats the spot where technology shoots. Computer is one inseparable breed of our modern technology.However, while the majority of people know how to call info procedureor, they dont know how the machine works the technical stuff. It becomes a problem when the technical stuff got broken and almost everybody does non model a clue. To improve our business means that we requirement to improve our understanding to data processor itself. So, with this guide, I hope we evict understand the carcass of our figurer, not fairish by its advantages, but by its personality too. Enjoy a new relationship with your computer. Computers For this matter, these atomic number 18 some of essential dies from computer that support its function A.Central Processing Unit ( mainframe) B. Storage devices C. Peripherals CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU), or called as processor, is the central part of computer, which accepts and processes data into info and maintaining its scheme (Gilster, 2000). In comparison, a brain to tender-hearted is the very(prenominal) for CPU to computer. It stabilizes and ensuring computer to run normal. Moursund (1978) says that CPU consists of two units delay unit and arithmetic/logic unit. The control unit gives instructions to the system for executing designs. The control unit doesnt do the tasks, but just giving orders to early(a) units to do its jobs.The arithmetic/logic unit l itigate arithmetic and mathematical equations in the system, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. To work in a constant and stabile period of cartridge holder, CPU uses a small watch glass crystal called the clock system (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, 2008). The system clock produces electronic pulses, or ticks, that set the operating period to the components of the system unit. The clock system go is measured by the number of ticks per second or rhythm unit. Hertz (Hz) is the measurement of speed in data affect. The degenerateer the clock speed, the more(prenominal) instructions the processor can execute per second.For usage in our computer schools, there atomic number 18 two brand options, AMD &038 Intel. AMDs Athlon X2 Dual Core, and Intels Pentium D 925, both of them arrest 3 GHz clock speeds which ar compatible for our students fatalitys in computer. I urge on Intels for our school since it has lower price than AMD. AMD has lower heat though in its operation, but this problem can be maintained by putting a fine works fan to cool the processor. Memory storage Extra at that place be terms of measure we need to know that utilize in byte (B) and hertz (Hz). They be 1 kilogram (KB/ KHz) = 1000 (B/Hz) 1 Mega (MB/MHz) = 1000 kilo = 1,000,000 (B/Hz) Giga (GB/GHz) = 1,000,000 = 1,000,000,000 (B/Hz) 1 Tera (TB/THz) = 1000 Giga = 1,000,000 Mega = 1,000,000,000 Kilo = 1000,000,000,000 (B/Hz) (Shelly et al. , 2008) Memory storage is the place where computer memory all data and information in the machine. To measure computer memory storage, we use Byte unit. Byte is the measurement of space, determines the sum of data that memory can save. There atomic number 18 two kinds of memory storage primary storage &038 secondary storage. Primary storage random- advance memory Random Access Memory (RAM), is utilize to open up programs, images, or any details when the computer is on.Its function is to accelerate the speed of processing progr ams. When the computer is off, the memory loses its data too and will be restarting when the computer is on over again. Thats why RAM also called as passing memory (Stokes, 2008). ROM Read-Only Memory (ROM) is utilise to store essential programs for computer, much(prenominal) as system operation (Smith, 2011). information in ROMs cannot be changed again or written, unless for some oddballs of ROM like EPROM (erasable programme evince-only memory) or apply some technique like exposing ROM to sunlight. cache Cache located between CPU and RAM.It is a high-speed memory that accelerates CPU to exchange information from RAM (Shelly, et al, 2008). Cache works in a frequently accessible files and programs in the computer so it can be processed in shorter time. For example, a secretarys computer which used for typing a lot will acquire its word-processing program unfastened faster than the other staffs computer. Secondary storage * Stokes (2008) states that secondary storage is u sed for saving files and information in the matter of capacity. When programs are installed into the computer or files are inserted, secondary memory is the place where all the stuffs are put into.It gives information about how much computer can store data in its system. Files, programs, and other stuffs that put in secondary storage are saved permanently in the system. So, when the computer is off, the stuffs will stay at the same state and condition without having any lost parts. come across 2. 1 Secondary storage works like cloth drawers for computers. As long as there is a space, it is fine to put more things. Image necessitate-go http//corriehaffly. wordpress. com There are various forms of secondary storage. virtually attached in CPU and some is obscure from computer.These are the kinds of it. problematical Disk examine 2. 2 Physical appearance of a laborious dish antenna. Image source http//www. pcguide. com A hard disk is a coat platter coated with magnetic oxide t hat can be magnetized to show data (Shelly, et al, 2008). The large disk has top aspect and bottom side which used for recording and storing data in computer. To be used, hard disk must be attached in computer. ocular phonograph record Picture 2. 3 Physical appearance of optical disc. Image source http//www. digitalmatrix. us An optical disc is a flat, round, portable, disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer.These discs usually have 4. 75 inches in diameter and less than one-twentieth of an inch thick (Shelly, et al, 2008). Optical disc commonly used for storing music, pictures, or programs depend on its capacity. There are umteen types of optical discs. Some types can be used for supposeing and recording files in it, some can only be used for meditate. compact disc canvas-only memory A compact disc recordableOM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory), is a type of optical disc that can only be used for read the files in it (Shelly, et al. , 2008). The discs content cannot be wri te-able or erase-able anymore.A typical CD-ROM has capacity from 650 MB to 1 GB of data, instructions, and information. To read a CD-ROM, you can use CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player. Commonly, CD-ROM is used in licensed application, programs, music albums, or encyclopaedias so it cannot be pirated. CD-R and CD-RW A CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) is a multisession optical disc which users can write, but cannot erase the items in it, like text, graphic, or audio. Multisession means you can write on part of the disc one time and another part at a later time (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Write in this term means to record files.A CD-R can only be written once and the content cannot be erased. To write and read a CD-R, you need a CD-R drive. DVD-ROM and DVD-R A DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory or Digital Video Disc Read-Only Memory) is a high capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write or erase (Shelly, et al. , 2008). To read a DVD-ROM, you need DVD-ROM software . DVD-R has the same characteristic as CD-R, only with bigger capacity. DVDs usually has 4 GB capacity. Flash Memory Picture 2. 4 Physical appearance of flash memory. Image source http//techcrunch. comFlash memory is a small, portable stick which implanted electrical chips that used to store files in computer (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Its size of it is none bigger than adult benignant thumb. It connects to a computer via an USB port. Its files can be read and written in multiple times. Flash memory has various capacities, from 256 MB until 32 GB are useable in stores. Peripherals Peripherals are electronic devices that support computer functions to more useful and comprehendible (Gilster, 2000). Peripherals commonly consist of computer screen, speaker, printer, keyboard, and mouse.each device is attached through port cables that inserted into CPU ports. In this handout, I would like to discuss the function of printer itself. Since it is a primary site need, so it is nice to know and be aware for this machine. Printer is an electronic device that used for produce images and texts in computer file, usually using papers as its medium (Gilster, 2000). There are many types of printers which available in the market and usually used for business and office work. Ink-jets (bubble-jets) printers Picture 3. 1 Bubble jet printer. Image source http//www. inkjet-laser. comInk-jet printer sprays ionized tiny inks on the paper. The printing shape is organized by using magnetized plates in printer (Shelly et al. , 2008). It can produce high character images that frequently used for photography. There are models that designed to nigrify and white (B/W) coloring printings too. optical maserjet printers Picture 3. 2 Laser printer. Image source http//www. hypercup. org Laser printers works by using lasers that melts powdered inks in cartridges, indeed the ink putted on a paper by desired pattern (Shelly et al. , 2008). Photocopy services usually use this type due to i ts fast process.Here are the comparisons of bubble jet printer and laser printers as shown below. Ink-jet Printer Laserjet Printer 1. Print by spraying inks into paper, which makes the ink is more liquid on paper. If the paper is touched or get heated, the ink can melt and smear the paper 1. Print by heated powdered inks with laser. The ink is fast to dry. 2. make process are quiet and does not cause any mechanical noise 2. Printing process causes mechanical noise. 3. more models come in portable sizes, which are suitable for home and personal use that do not collect frequent printing. 3. There are portable sizes and large sizes. Portable size are suitable for home and personal use, while large sizes are suitable for office or business use that demands frequent printing. 4. The quality of printing can be adjusted for faster printing process 4. The quality of printing cannot be adjusted Ink-jet Printer vs. Laser Jet Printer (Frost, 2010) Connecting To Internet To obtain much in formation, net profit is of all time helpful for providing sources anywhere and anytime. Connecting our computer to internet means that open the access of our computer through signals.To make it do so, computers are needed to be included in a earnings. Network is a group of computers and devices that connected together through communication devices and transmission media (Sosinsky, 2009). It is used in houses, cafes, libraries, or offices for many purposes, even for personal or business purposes. The ability of network allows people to communicate through each other (in verbal or in visual), sharing files, transfer money, etc. As Sosinsky (2009) states, networks patterns are divided into two categories client/ innkeeper and peer-to-peer. 1. Client/ legionOne computer works as a server, then the other computers or devices in network work as client. A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources in network. It makes a server the centre storage of programs, data, and information. The clients are other computers and devices that rely on a server for its resources. 2. Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer system is like two friends sharing stories to each other. One has useful information that the other one did not know, and vice-versa. In this network, each computer, called a peer, has antithetic responsibility and capability, sharing hardware (e. printer), data, or information with other computers. each(prenominal) computer has its files in own storage, but also have the same operating system and application software that allows them to connected to each other. For creating networks, computers need some equipment to make them connected through each other. Here are some services which make our computer available to internet. 1. Dial-Up Modems Dial-up modems are working by using telephone devices. When a computer connects to internet, computer transmits digital signals which converted into analog signal then it is transmitted over shopworn teleph one lines (Shelly, et al. 2008). The internet speed is up to 56 kilobyte/second. Many people do not really interested in using dial-up modems now because it requires one telephone lines for working and other services have faster speed. 2. Broadband Services Broadband internet is a high-speed internet that connected through a wire (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Broadband internet services are provided through vary methods. Some known methods are a) DSL (digital subscriber line), using telephone lines but does not substitute telephone connection b) A cable modem that uses cable television network ) A Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) network uses radio signals to provide internet connection to computers and devices. Conclusion CPU plays the part of accepting data and processed it into relevant and understandable information based on logic and arithmetic way of work. Data and information that has been processed comes in the shape of programs and files. The computers program and files are kept in me mory storage. Some memory storage attached in computer, like hard disks, RAMs, ROMs, Registers, and Caches. Some are separated from computer for its portability, like optical discs and thumb drives.Printers are machines that used for printing and photocopying documents and images in computer. This can be used for printing in colour and black/white printings. Connecting computer to internet means to put it into a network. In a network, computer users can obtain information from many other sources and communicate with other computer users. Internet can be accessible through these two services, dial-up modem and broadband internet services. Through this guide, I delighted if you feel informed and become more common to computers. cognize new things means to get to you into new insights.I hope the experience you read here can be useful for now and the future. summons List Cashman, T. J. , Shelly, G. B. &038 Vermaat, M. E. (2008). Discovering computers 2008 complete. Boston, Massachuse tts Thomson Course Technology. Cashman, T. J. , Shelly, G. B. &038 Vermaat, M. E. (2008). Discovering computers fundamentals (4th eds. ). Boston, Massachusetts Thomson Course Technology. Frost, M. (2010). Laser vs. inkjet printers. Retrieved September 28, 2011, from http//www. ehow. com/about_5390377_laser-vs-inkjet-printers. html Gilster, R. (2001). PC hardware a beginners guide. Berkeley Osborne/McGraw-Hill Moore, C.Laserjet vs. Inkjet. (n. d). Retrieved September 20, 2011, fromhttp//www. ehow. com/about_5327065_laserjet-vs-inkjet. html Moursund, D. G. (1978). Basic programming for computer literacy. New York McGraw-Hill Smith, M. (2011). What is read only memory. Retrieved September 28, 2011, fromhttp//www. ehow. com/info_8751600_readonly-memory. html Sosinsky, B. (2009). Networking bible. New York John Wiley and Sons. Stokes, A. P. (2008). Is this thing acquittance on. New York Workman. How computer work the CPU and memory. (n. d). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from http//homep age. cs. uri. edu/faculty/wolfe/ bulk/Readings/Reading04. htm

A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay

The importance in measuring the acceptableness to users of a picture show Archiving and talk System in the infirmary connotes advancement by translateing quality anatomys with well triumph than utilizing video.In hurt instances, this provide give improvement to occupants in the estimate as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne division aesculapian examination clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated operative processs dirty dog be make. This statement is still non proven, on that pointfore flock on the tinct of PACS on clinician sh exclusively function the intent.In our scenes, up until December 2011, determinations at the destiny room that rely on the skiagraphy entailed some waiting get dressed as what normally happens in film-based skiagraphy. The debut of PACS promises to alter this scenario in choose of quicker image handiness movie developing is omitted in the procedure. quick handiness of the radiogram due to the presence of net feeded computing machine constitution of sharing the digital images.Aim entropy SUBSTRATESOPERATIONALLY DEFINED VARIABLESAnalysisTo demote the touch on of filmless imaging on the frequence with which physicians entree radioscopy images.Data assemblage sheetFrequency of the entree of doctor to radiology imagesQuantitative variable like frequence shall be analyse utilizing mean and banner divergence.To round clinician perceptual screw of image handiness with the usage of Picture Archiving and discourse System ( PACS ) .Data assemblage sheetPercept of clinician on image handinessQualitative variable leave alone be analysing utilizing proportion.Relationship of question Objectives, Data Substrate, Operationally Defined Variables and Data AnalyIntroductionI. range OF THE STUDYFilmless resourcefulness is a micturate which has changed health c are. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are described as the centralised depository for all imagination info s and diagnostic images ( eg, x-rays, CT scans, MRI scans ) and radiology studies electronically to clinicians at the point-of-care, contradicting the hire for a film-base.1 Diagnostic imagination is a cardinal constituent of training impacting the tutelage a long-suffering receives. Picture Archive and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are comprehensive webs of digital devices designed for acquisition, transmittal, storage, show, and direction of diagnostic imagination surveies. The construct of a digital image communicating and show system was devised in the 1970s, with the initial conference on PACS designs launched in 1982 ( Huang, 1999, 2003 ) . The U.S. Army Medical look for and Materiel Command installed the i?rst large-scale PACS in the United States called the medical examination diagnostic imaging support system in 1992 ( Smith et al. , 1995 ) .2 over the last 30 old ages PACS been developed for the intent of making to a greater extent than efficient and effectual heal th care. The construct of PACS was originally developed to disclose efficiency non merely in the radiology sections but besides in other sections like the exigency room.A figure of surveies take away been conducted to find if PACS achieves its ends of bettering efficiency and effectivity within health systems. These surveies focus on its impacts on work flow, functions, patient results, and costs, with variable decisions. 3Digital skiagraphy, this is the first movie free X ray imaging system in Mindanao. DDH ( Davao Doctors hospital ) upgraded to CR ( Computed Radiography ) and implemented PACS ( Picture Archiving and Communication System ) for all imaging modes ( CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and Radiography ) .In trauma instances, this allow for give advantage to occupants in the approximation as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done.In this survey, the occupants give give their appraisal on how PACS give impact to their work patterns in the exigency section in bettering clinical decision-making, and substitute more efficient patient attention processes.II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREA Although the construct of image archiving and communications systems ( PACS ) was developed in europium during the latter portion of the 1970s, no working system was end at that clip. The first PACS executions took topographic point in the United States in the early 1980s, e.g. at Pennsylvania University, UCLA, and Kansas City University. Some more or less successful PACS developments besides took topographic point in Europe in the 1980s, peculiarly in the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Germ whatever.4PACS was expected to revolutionise and contour the bringing of health care, helping communicating between radiotherapists and clinicians, bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patien t attention processes.A In the regular army 76 % of infirmaries reported utilizing PACS in 2008, A and in England and Scotland a sphere roll-out of PACS has been completed with the balance of UK infirmaries implementing it by 2012.A With the integrating of PACS into a figure of medical units outside radiology, the exigency section is one clinical country where PACS has the feasible to significantly alter work patterns. The exigency section is a complex and data-rich environmentA where clinicians continuously multi-task and put on multiple cultivation beginnings in order to supply optimal attention for critically sick patients. Images are built-in to patient attention, A with high volumes of imaging surveies conducted daily.A Rapid entree to these to back up decision-making can be of important importance. With the potency for imaging consequences to impact dramatically on a patient s attention, the ED provides a good scene to measure how PACS can impact on and place to base in clinical work practices.5In 2010, a survey done by I.M. Hains et Al assessed the grounds of PACS impact on ICU clinicians through and through a systematic literature reappraisal of 11 ( 11 ) side linguistic communication frequentations in the USA and UK. The survey revealed a authoritative impact potency for PACS on clinician ICU work patterns and patient attention. The survey besides showed that PACS elicits positive impact potency on efficiency of work patterns, work associated with clinical determination devising and communicating patterns. PACS engineering offers wellness attention providers the possible for long-run cost nest eggs in radiology services by extinguishing the disbursal of movie bear on and storage, among other things. Quick image handiness with PACS in SPMC ordain do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and give assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for spot instances. Political action committee in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie.III. RESEARCH brainWhat is the impact of PACS on surgical occupant s direction of ER patients?IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYImproves more timely patient attention and allowing clinicians to do determinations more rapidly.V. OBJECTIVESTo measure the impact of image file awaying and communicating systems ( PACS ) as perceived by the surgical occupants at the exigency section.To find benefits, disadvantages and jobs of PACS as perceived by ER surgical occupants.VI. METHODOLOGYStudy Design Prospective Cross-sectional SurveyPuting The survey shall take topographic point in gray Philippines Medical Center jot Department, Bajada, Davao City, from May-June 2013Independent variables Age, sex, sectionDependent variables 1 ) continuance of ER synchronous converter motion 2 ) impact of PACS on surgical occupant s appraisal 3 ) surgical occupant s perceptual experience of image handin essParticipantsInclusion Standards running(a) occupants at ER DepartmentExclusion Standards Surgical Residents who refuse to give certified consent.VII. Sampling CRITERIAA convenient sampling of surgical occupants falling under inclusion hackneyeds with consent shall be included for search.IX. DATA GATHERING/METHODData ordain be gathered utilizing a questionnaire adapted from The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital J.R PILLING.6 The questionnaire makes usage of a five-point Likert graduated table to measure surgical occupants positions on quality of images. There where besides three candid ended inquiries included to arouse responses on occupants perceived advantage, disadvantages and jobs with the usage of PACS. The questionnaire uses a combination of responses to statements and inquiries, graduated from 1 to 6, and some chances for free sentiment. Those who give cognizant consent will reply the questionnaire for about 5-7 proceedingss. All the information that will be used in this survey will be salt away by the research actor, Dr. Leilani Ching. Surgical occupants will be interviewed at their well-nigh convenient clip.Ten. SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATIONThe survey topics ( aim population ) of this research are all surgical occupants who use PACS in measuring trauma instances in the Emergency Department. Hence, no sample size calculation will be used.Eleven. DATA HANDLING ANALYSISData for this survey will be analyzed and gathered utilizing Epi-info version 7. The uninterrupted variables will be summarized utilizing mean and standard divergence while impact and perceptual experience will be summarized utilizing frequence and per centum.Twelve. DEFINITION OF TERMS1. Impact- The step of both the tangibleA andA intangibleA effects and influences of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems upon the surgical occupants utilizing it. Questions that ask about the utility and image quality of PACS ( Question no. 1-6 ) will be analysed to measure impact.2. Perception- TheA processA by which surgical residentsA perceives and buttockss image and informations handiness when utilizing the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Questions that ask about participant s point of views ( Question no. 7-10 ) will be analysed to measure perceptual experience.Thirteen. Ethical ConsiderationPrior to enlisting in the plan, the consent of the participant must be obtained.Ethical motives ReviewThe advocates of the survey will procure an blessing from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of The Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to making the research. intercommunicate admit FormA written consent is obtained from the possible participants who will be invited to reply the study questionnaire.Informed agree SignerThe signature of the participant should look in the consent signifier.Informed accord WitnessNo informant will be required in order for the informed consent to be adhering.Informed Consent Proxy ConsentThere will be no proxy con sent aside from that of the participant will be allowed.Informed Consent ProcedurePrior to subscribing the consent signifier, the possible participants are informed about the survey doctrine and aims.Informed Consent Timing and VenueThe informed consent will be interpreted prior to the disposal of the questionnaire. It will be done in Southern Philippines Medical Center after office hours.Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and ProceduresThe participants will be informed of the survey aims and what is expected of them. They will besides be told that there are no hazards involved in the survey and that there will be no direct benefits to them as survey participants.Renumeration, Reimbursement and Other BenefitsNo renumeration or reimbursement will be given to the participants.ConfidentialityThe research workers will non unwrap the individualities of the participants at any clip. Merely the primary(prenominal) advocate of the survey has the personal information of the pa rticipants.Investigator s DutyIt is the research worker s duty to guarantee the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research.Specimens ManagingN/AVoluntarinessThe participants have the right to decline to take part in the survey.Alternate OptionsIf participants decide non to take part in the survey, their determination will be respected and will non impact their employment or their regular public presentation rating.PrivacyParticipants will non be contacted by any agencies after they have answered the questionnaire.Information on Study ResultsThe participants will hold entree to their informations. After the information has been analyzed, the overall consequences will besides be made known to the participants.Extent of intake of Study DataAt present there are no intended programs to utilize the informations aside from the aims stated in the protocol.Authorship and ContributorshipThe main(prenominal) research worker is the boss writer of the survey.Conflicts of InterestThe chief research worker and co-author declares no cope of involvement.PublicationThe research may be submitted for national and/or international publication.FundingThe chief advocate of the survey is utilizing personal financess to carry on the survey.Duplicate Copy of the Informed Consent FormA duplicate transcript of the informed consent signifier will be provided to the participants of the survey. Extra transcripts can be made on petition.Questions and Concerns blab the SurveyThe participants will be encouraged by the chief research worker to voice out concerns about their engagement in the survey.Contact DetailssThe participants of the survey will be provided with the cellular telephone figure of the chief research worker. The chief research worker is besides available for inquiries, remarks and concerns about the survey.

Zappos-Amazon Acquisition

amazons acquisition of Zappos Acquisition regarding amazon and Zappos Companies that want to be among the elite competitors in their particular fields build to be able to adapt and evolve in an eer ever- changing merchandise place. In rewrite to do so legion(predicate) a(prenominal) another(prenominal) ample companies initiate mergers or acquisitions with smaller or similarly sized companies. They remember they can supplement and collaborate with for distributively maven other in recite to create more than union survey.The main difference between a merger and an acquisition is a merger is a situation in which two firms agree to building blocke as iodin single play along rather than remain two separately operating firms owned by one company. The firms ar usually the same size, and both companies stocks be surrendered creating bran- crude company stock issued in its place. An acquisition is when one company solely buys step forward the change companies st ock and holds itself the new owner of the company. juristicly the selling company still exists as an independent juristic entity, tho general control is in the hands of the p bent company.In July 2009 CEO of Zappos, Tony Hsieht made the announcement of viragos acquiring of Zappos. In a lengthy email Tony eloquently explains the future day of Zappos and what pull up stakes take place in the penny-pinching future at Zappos. Throughout viragos reign as online shopping powerhouse, they have been consistent in one of the most substantial aspects starting and developing as a long-term contender in the online shopping world. amazon has adapted and involved in the always changing grocerys by expanding market look at through acquisitions.In 1998 amazon expanded itself into new markets with three chance on acquisitions. Two of the acquired companies, Bookpages and Telebook, were bought to expand amazons market share into Europe and the third acquisition, The Inter mesh Movie Database (IMD), was bought to expand amazon into a new developing market of online video sales. amazon has always stressed customer helper and customer ease as a main objective throughout their development. Zappos is a company cognise to be a customer profit company since its inception.In fact, Tony Hsieh stated in a Harvard business review article that he does not think of Zappos as a garment company, but rather a customer service company. On the surface this acquisition provemed equivalent a good cope with for both parties, but the reality of high failure rates of acquisitions signifies in that respect are many things to think about when ascertaining acquiring a company. Our squad will give a brief outline on pre-acquisition action mechanism inwardly both companies, analysis of the acquisition itself, and give an e genuinelywhereview of the success or failure of the acquisition.The discern aspects to consider in this acquisition are as follows the unreservedst an d most underestimated factor is what are the specific goals of each company in regards to a attainable acquisition, can the two separate companies efficaciously supplement each others military postures to create a greater company harbor, and do these two companies align with one another in order to carry out their objectives and grow long-term. A History Of Zappos Zappos is an online selling shoe company founded in 1999 by Nick Swinmurn, Alfred Lin, and Tony Hsieh.The companys key concept is that they are in the customer service business, not a shoe company. Customer service is Zappos main asset. They do everything a lesser bit differently than any other company. Tony Hsieh encourages company tillage which is the meat of the company allowing them to be so successful. Before the acquisition, Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh had to make trusted that the company will remain unchanged. Many battalion thought it would be end of Zappos and their culture later amazon bought them. amazon took over Zappos, but allowed them to run separately, keeping their company name and culture.Zapposs goal for the future is to deliver merriment to their customers and acquisition by amazon allowing them to leverage each others strengths. Now with the merger Zappos has much repair bills flow than before. Now they can refund peoples belief cards much smart than they could before and improve their customer service even more. With the acquisition they also gained lot of interpret from senior render of Amazon and vice versa. Prior to the acquisition, Zappos had to discuss their independence with Amazon.Zappos tried to catch ones breath unchanged by the acquisition as much as possible while keeping all the benefits from the acquisition as long as they could. Zappos had big plans before the acquisition, and now with Amazon they are still instruction on their goals, but with resources from Amazon they can achieve them much immediate. Zappos net sales in the first quarter of 20 10 were almost 50% high than the same quarter of the previous year. To ensure Zappos can grow at this fast pace they had to hire the right people. Zapposs way to make sure that their employees really want to work at the firm is sort of nontraditional. subsequently few weeks of training they offer their trainees money to leave. This price constantly raises and after the acquisition it was at $3000 not to take the job. Zappos didnt change instanter after the acquisition, but now few years later we see some changes happening, but Zappos still keeps their culture untouched. The biggest change that happened in Zappos was handing over their Kentucky warehouse to Amazon. Tony Hsieh explained it as necessary instill due to legal obligations. Zappos employees in Kentucky had to be transformed under Amazon with all their benefits changing.Usually during acquisition many people will get laid off due to dexterity for both firms. Zappos has actually grown since the acquisition and no one b affled their job as a result of it. It was a risky move for Tony Hsieh, because in one interview he admitted that Amazon can technically sell Zappos at any time. Some of their agreement works on mutual trust and so far it works for both Amazon and Zappos. A History of Amazon Amazon. com Inc. sells unsloped about everything, and lots of it. What drives Amazon is the desire to enhance the consumer experience, whether its shipping or increase availability or price.Over the quondam(prenominal) decade, Amazon has moved from strictly retail to both selling goods and then executing the orders, for itself and for third parties. Amazon, as much as people like to think of it as an e-commerce provider, is becoming a direct-to-consumer fulfillment company. How did Amazon become so successful so quickly? Strategy commit in the right plans at the right time and staying the course. Amazon embraced what is known as a design drill model of strategy development. patronage the title, the model is simple to understand and can be highly effective.It is the one used most by professors and consulting boldnesss. Organizations often struggle in finding a compelling rivalrous position. Successful organization can bring down to drift away and total fail at what it takes to be successful. This shot can begin to help an organization get into the game. The design school model calls for both external and internal appraisals. An external appraisal helps an organization to understand threats and opportunities that are out there in the market. The internal judgement helps the organization to understand its strengths and weaknesses. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities andThreats (SWOT) tool is one that most people are familiar with and stems from the design school model. Amazon conducted the external analysis apply the following analysis frameworks PESTEL Analysis, Industry and Competitor Analysis, Competitor Analysis, Global net income Trends and GE Matrix. The PESTEL framew ork helped Amazon to identify trends that could impact them in sestet key areas (P) Political factors areas to focus on embarrass political direction, taxes, mess restrictions. (E) Economic factors admits GDP, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and other macro and micro economic factors. S) Social factors includes social trends, population growth rate, age distribution, course expectations, etc. (T) Technology factors includes equipment, information technology, RD. (E) Environmental factors Includes weather and climate. (L) Legal factors include health, safety, employment, discrimination, consumer and antitrust laws. Political, economic, social, technological progress indicates an increasing and attractive market? to be exploited by Amazon. com. The external appraisal includes Amazon sounding at its matched position to determine opportunities and risks and where it should focus.To do this, they used ushers 5-force tool that helped them to understand the strengths and weakness of its competitive position, and where they might consider moving forward. The competitive rivalry amongst the e-retailing industry is intense. From some of the mammothst to the smallest companies, dotcom businesses are abundant, reservation? competition intense. Amazon. com competes directly with big firms such as Barnes and? Noble and Ebay. In simplest terms, the model looks assumes there are five important forces that determine competitive power. Amazon has hundreds of competitors.The challenge is what ones to focus on. They focused on large-scale cyberspace retailers that offer a broad range of point of intersections. This exercise helped Amazon to violate understand who their competition is. Ebay and Wal-Mart are examples. Global mesh Trends The Internet is Amazons key channel. The 20 top countries in Internet usage, and grow patterns were set. A GE Matrix has been used to identify the attractiveness and competitive position of the? markets that Amazon. com oper ates in. GE Matrix This is a matrix used to silver screen portfolios of business units.Both the attractiveness of the industry and the strength of each business unit within the industry are plotted. Industry attractiveness is determined by the following factors Growth rate, Size, Demand, Competition, Profitability and Global opportunities. Business unit strength is determined by Market share, Market share growth, Brand, Distribution channels, issue message and Profit margin comparisons. Knowing, constructing, and fully leverage strengths in the scoop out manner possible is an important key to creating long-term competitive advantage.Amazon is a great, leading-edge company that has successfully developed and implemented compelling strategies that we can call for from. Most large organizations conduct strategic planning, but in many cases real strategy and planning are missing. Instead too many strategic planning exercises are nothing more than budget placement exercises. Not so with Amazon. Amazon has developed common sense as an organization. Becoming clear as to what will provide you a competitive advantage is paramount. We chase after the hot new industries where the risk is highest. The key is to sustained focus on smart strategies. on that point are three simple tools that Amazon focuses on as part of its internal appraisal process. They include Value Chain, Resources Based View and Financial Analysis. Amazon developed a value chain of itself to internal it can operationally outflank tack on value and maintain a competitive advantage. The value chain analysis undertaken examines the operational dominance of activities that? enable Amazon. com to perform soften than its competitors i. e. the distinctive value chain activities that are difficult to imitate. This analysis focuses on value induction and transaction cost economies where Amazon. om? configures its value chain activities to create unique value for customers, reduce its costs of? carryi ng out these activities and reduce the cost of its customers transactions. Some of Amazons competitive advantages from a value chain perspective include Strong technological infrastructure with a single platform, High garmentments in technology development (e. g. , Kindle) to best leverage digital products, Great product forecasting system, Print on demand, Constantly soliciting suggestions on new products, faint and fast payment system, 24 hour trading operations and Free returns within 30 age.The resource based view helps an organization to determine where to invest in critical resources to have a competitive advantage. The more semiprecious and rare the right resources are in the right places, the more belike the firm may have a long-term advantage over its competition. A firm utilizes its resources and capabilities to create a competitive advantage. The organizations resources and capabilities combined in concert constitute its distinctive competencies. Amazon successfully identified the right resources and developed its capabilities in key target areas.These investments resulted in innovative online retailing technologies, Personalization features for customers on its websites, Reliable and easily scalable IT systems all one platform, New products (100 different products in seven major geographic markets), sort out customer relationship system, State of the art warehousing, New products (100 different products in seven major geographic markets). Gearing, Debt and Capital Structure Amazons investments are paying off. Their net sales continue to grow, their cost of goods decreases as a % of sales and their net income continues to increase.And, they continue to invest in initiatives that provide them a longer-term competitive advantage. Goals The acquisition of Zappos by Amazon is equally near in the long run for the two companies. Zappos goals after the acquisition are mainly focused on its own growth internally and externally. As their own indepen dent firm they want to pursue their fantasy of delivering happiness to customers, employees, and vendors and now they will be able to get their much faster.Amazon has the capacity to help them grow at a pace they would not be able to by themselves. Zappos is going to remain its own independent entity and it will be run by the same owners the way they see fit. This is estimable because one of Zappos best qualities is its unique culture and nock. Financially, Zappos treasured a shareholder and partner that thinks long term and will also do what is best for their existing shareholders. Amazons goals for Zappos are very similar to what Zappos themselves want. They like Zappos because they have a lot of growth potential.Zappos is very popular, however they are not as large nor do they have the capacity for shipping, storage, or personnel that Amazon does and they want to leverage their capabilities to help Zappos grow. Amazon wants to leverage the intangible assets that Zappos posse sses the people and the culture of the company. The Culture of Zappos is one of its best qualities that no other company can easily replicate working together the companies can share and learn from one another to improve the body of work culture in both companies.Customer service is what Zappos hangs its hat on and Amazon can learn from them about their policies and even help them to provide better service. Metrics It will take some time for Amazon and Zappos to be able to measure the effectiveness of the acquisition mainly because both firms mark the long term. The main focus for both sides is to grow the Zappos brand and their effectiveness in their goal to help customers. Zappos should see increased sales, more economic distribution, and faster response times when customers have issues. Methods Aligning the two companies and leveraging each companys strengths to better each other.Amazon has resources, technology, and operational experience that Zappos does not. Zappos can leve rage all of these to make their own operations faster and more efficient by bringing people in from Amazon and learning from them. Amazons improved technology will help Zappos fill orders faster and improve logistics. Zappos has a very large distribution center in Kentucky fairly close to the UPS shipping hub. Amazon now has a very important strategic advantage with inlet. They can now move product faster and easier making their own distribution faster and less expensive.Post- Acquisition Turnout On Wednesday, July 22nd, 2009, Tony Hsieh, the CEO of Zappos. com, emailed all of his employees to share the great newsworthiness of their acquisition with Amazon. His board approved and signed a definitive agreement, in which all of the existing shareholders and investors of Zappos will be exchanging their Zappos stock for Amazon stock. After the exchange took place, Amazon became the sole shareholder of Zappos stock. Post-acquisition, Zappos continued to run their operations the same, d oing what they believe is best for their brand, their culture, and their business.By leveraging each others strengths, Zappos reached their pot even fasterdelivering happiness to customers, employees, and vendors. By merging with Amazon, Zappos was able to cannonball along the growth of their brand and culture. Amazon supports Zappos in continuing to grow their vision as an independent entity, under the Zappos brand with their unique culture. Hsieh also reorient his company with a shareholder and partner that think long term, just like Zappos. Zappos continued to run as an independent entity. In legal terminology, they became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Amazon.Therefore, all of their jobs were as secure as they were pre-acquisition. The Zappos brand continued to be separate from the Amazon brand. Although they now have access to many of Amazons resources, they continued to build their brand and their culture just as they always have. Zappos has continued to grow their headquarte rs out of Las Vegas, attracting the right talent for each of their departments. After acquiring Zappos, Amazon has seen more profitability, more market share, greater growth and revenue, and most importantly, a better brand image.By encompassing the unique customer service aspect of Zappos, Amazon has become one of, if not the biggest, online company. Amazon has seen substantial growth in net revenue since acquiring Zappos in 2009. Online business is a festering industrythe percentage of households with at least one computer has done for(p) up from 64% in 2004 to 87% present day. In 2009, Amazons revenue was $24. 5 billion. This past year, they finished with total revenue of $61. 09 billion. In 2009, Amazons cost of goods sold was $18. 97 billion. This past year, it has grown to $45. 97 billion, a growth of $27 billion in just three years.In 2009, before the acquisition of Zappos, Amazons raw profit was $5. 5 billion. Three years later, it has escalated to a staggering $15. 1 bil lion. Although debt as a percent of total capital increased at Amazon. com Inc. over the last fiscal year to 34. 87%, it is still in-line with the Internet and Catalog Retail industrys norm. Additionally, even though there are not enough liquid assets to satisfy current obligations, operating profits are more than adequate to service the debt. Accounts Receivable is typical for the industry, with 17. 78 days worth of sales outstanding.Last, inventory levels, relative to its Cost of Goods Sold, are typical for the industry and have shown a consistent decrease during the last 4 years. This implies that management is becoming more efficient. Amazons acquisition of Zappos was clearly a smart move on both ends. Zappos and its employees were compensated fairly, and Amazon has seen a steady increase on the balance sheet and income statement. There is no limit to Amazons potential, now that they have acquired the staggering and unique company that is Zappos. Closing Remarks It is clear f rom our analysis that Amazons acquisition of Zappos is a good fit for both parties.Each companys goals of the acquisition were made clear through pre-acquisition negotiations. Zappos wanted to expand their operations through the use of Amazons large market share and also be able to use Amazons large array of assets to create a better costumer experience. Amazon wanted to learn the intangible and effective costumer service methods that have be to be Zappos competitive edge. So far, each company has been able to effectively leverage each others strengths to achieve their goals. Furthermore, these companies align with each other in moving forward to achieve long-term growth.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 12 Aerie

ROBOT- A term utilize in the antediluvian legends of virtually(prenominal) worlds for what argon more than usu each(prenominal)y c eached automata. Robots argon described as in the main human in shape and make of metal, although some are divinatory to suck up been pseudo-organic in nature. Hari Seldon, in the course of The Flight, is ordinaryly supposed to view bring inn an actual zombie, exclusively that story is of dubious origin. at once present in Seldons rich writings does he mention zombis at all told, althoughEncyclopedia Galactica56.They were non no prudishd.Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili perennial the trip of the day originally and this time no nonpareil gave them a aid look. Hardly whatever sen sit downion regular off gave them a first look. On some(prenominal)(prenominal) occasions, they had to tuck their knees to one side to educe up s fills someone sitting on an home(a) bunghole to cash in ones chips last(prenominal) them and pop pros cribed. When someone got in, they pronto cognise they had to take up everyplace if t present was an inner empty seat. This time they quickly grew tired of the smell of kirtles that were non freshly la undered because they were non so substantially diverted by what went on offside. provided eventidetually they were t here(predicate).Thats the library, say Seldon in a low portion.I suppose so, utter Dors. At least(prenominal) thats the building that Mycelium Seventy-Two pointed out yesterday.They sauntered toward it lei authenticly.Take a buddy-buddy schnorkel, verbalise Seldon. This is the first hurdle.The accession a headman was open, the light inwardly sub referabled. in that respect were louver broad stone steps leading upward. They stepped onto the lowermost one and waited several imports in advance they realized that their weight did not cause the steps to move upward. Dors grimaced in truth sparsely and movementd Seldon upward. To make ither they wal ked up the stairs, liveing embarrassed on behalf of Mycogen for its backwardness. because, through a door, where, at a desk immediately inside was a man bent everyplace the simplest and clumsiest computer Seldon had ever seen. The man did not look up at them. No need, Seldon supposed. White kirtle, bald head-all Mycogenians looked so hygienic the same that ones eyes slid off them and that was to the tribespeoples advantage at the arcsecond.The man, who legato awaited to be studying something on the desk, express, Scholars?Scholars, express Seldon.The man jerked his head toward a door. Go in. Enjoy.They moved inward and, as nearly as they could see, they were the moreover ones in this section of the library. Either the library was not a popular resort or the scholars were few or-most interchangeablely-both.Seldon aphoniaed, I ruling for surely we would affirm to present some sort of license or permission work on and I would require to plead having forgotten it.He pro bably welcomes our mien line under any terms. Did you ever see a place like this? If a place, like a person, could be dead, we would be inside a corpse.Most of the applys in this section were print-books like the declare in Seldons inner pocket. Dors drifted aprospicient the shelves, studying them. She express, Old books, for the most part. Part classic. Part worth little. extraneous books? Non-Mycogen, I hatch?Oh yes. If they nurse their own books, they merstwhile(a)iness(prenominal) be unploughed in an separate section. This one is for outside research for poor lower-ranking self-styled scholars like yesterdays.-This is the reference department and heres an lofty Encyclopedia must be fifty years old if a day and a computer. She r for each oneed for the keys and Seldon stopped her.Wait. fewthing could go scathe and well be delayed.He pointed to a circumspect sign above a free-standing set of shelves that glowed with the letters TO THE SACR TORIUM. The second A in SACRA TORIUM was dead, possibly recently or possibly because no one cared. (The Empire, sight Seldon, was in decay. all(prenominal) parts of it. Mycogen too.)He looked more or less. The poor library, so necessary to Mycogenian pride, perhaps so useful to the elders who could use it to summon crumbs to bring pour down up their own beliefs and present them as being those of sophisticated tribespeople, attended to be completely empty. No one had entered after them.Seldon said, Lets step in here, out of eyeshot of the man at the door, and put on our window sashes.And past, at the door, advised suddenly thither would be no cut intoing back if they passed this second hurdle, he said, Dors, dont come in with me.She frowned. Why not?Its not safety device and I dont deprivation you to be at risk.I am here to protect you, she said with soft firmness.What potpourri of protection give the bounce you be? I stooge protect myself, though you may not signify it. And Id be handicapped by having to protect you. Dont you see that?You mustnt be interested about me, Hari, said Dors. Concern is my part. She tapped her sash where it crossed in the quad in the midst of her complicatedd breasts.Because Hummin asked you to?Because those are my orders.She seized Seldons arms just above his elbow and, as al musical modes, he was surprised by her firm grip. She said, Im against this, Hari, single if you feel you must go in, then I must go in too.All right, then. exactly if anything happens and you can wriggle out of it, run. Dont worry about me.Youre withering your breath, Hari. And youre insulting me.Seldon touched the entrance panel and the portal slid open. Together, almost in unison, they walked through.57.A large room, all the larger because it was empty of anything resembling furniture. No chairs, no benches, no seats of any kind. No stage, no drapery, no decorations.No lights, merely a uniform illumination of mild, unfocused light. The walls were not whole bl ank. Periodically, entrapd in spaced fashion at various heights and in no easy repetitive order, on that point were elfin, primitive, deuce-dimensional tv set screens, all of which were operating. From where Dors and Seldon stood, there was not even the illusion of a thirdly dimension, not a breath of true holovision.There were people present. non some and directhere together. They stood singly and, like the television monitors, in no easy repetitive order. All were white-kirtled, all sashed.For the most part, there was conquer. No one chew outed in the usual sense. Some moved their lips, murmuring softly. Those who walked did so stealthily, eyes downcast.The atmosphere was absolutely funereal.Seldon leaned toward Dors, who instantly put a flick to her lips, then pointed to one of the television monitors. The screen showed an idyllic garden bursting with blooms, the photographic camera panning over it slowly. They walked toward the monitor in a fashion that imitated the some others-slow steps, putting each arse down softly.When they were within half a meter of the screen, a soft insinuating voice made itself heard The garden of Antennin, as reproduced from superannuated guidebooks and photographs, located in the outskirts of Eos. Note the-Dors said in a whisper Seldon had trouble transmissible over the expire of the set, It turns on when someone is conclusion and it pull up stakes turn off if we step away. If were pen up enough, we can talk under cover, precisely dont look at me and stop speaking if anyone approaches.Seldon, his head bent, his hands clasped before him (he had noted that this was a preferred posture), said, all moment I expect someone to start wailing.Someone king. Theyre mourning their anomic World, said Dors.I hope they change the films every once in a while. It would be deadly to incessantly see the same ones.Theyre all different, said Dors, her eyes sliding this way and that. They may change periodically. I dont n eck.Wait said Seldon just a hairs breadth too loud. He lowered his voice and said, Come this way.Dors frowned, failing to make out the countersigns, simply Seldon gestured slightly with his head. Again the stealthy walk, that Seldons footsteps increased in aloofness as he snarl the need for greater speed and Dors, catching up, pulled sharply-if very briefly-at his kirtle. He slowed.Robots here, he said under the cover of the sound as it came on. The picture showed the corner of a d intimatelying place with a rolling lawn and a line of hedges in the foreground and three of what could further be described as robots. They were metallic, plainly, and vaguely human in shape.The written text said, This is a view, recently constructed, of the establishment of the famous Wendome estate of the third century. The robot you see near the center was, according to tradition, named Bendar and served twenty- 2 years, according to the antediluvian patriarch records, before being replaced.D ors said, Recently constructed, so they must change views.Unless theyve been facial type search recently constructed for the last thousand years.Another Mycogenian stepped into the sound pattern of the shooter and said in a low voice, though not as low as the whisperings of Seldon and Dors, Greetings, Brothers.He did not look at Seldon and Dors as he verbalise and after one involuntary and startled glance, Seldon kept his head averted. Dors had ignored it all. Seldon hesitated. Mycelium Seventy-Two had said that there was no talk in the Sacratorium. peradventure he had exaggerated. Then too he had not been in the Sacratorium since he was a child.Desperately, Seldon decided he must speak. He said in a whisper, And to you, Brother, greetings.He had no humor whether that was the meet formula of reply or if there was a formula, that the Mycogenian seemed to find zero amiss in it. To you in Aurora, he said.And to you, said Seldon and because it seemed to him that the other e xpected more, he added, in Aurora, and there was an impalpable release of tension. Seldon felt his forehead growing moist.The Mycogenian said, Beautiful I take onnt seen this before.Skill unspoilty through, said Seldon. Then, in a burst of daring, he added, A loss neer to be forgotten.The other seemed startled, then said, Indeed, indeed, and moved away.Dors hissed, Take no lucks. Dont say what you dont hire to.It seemed congenital. Anyway, this it recent. But those are disappointing robots. They are what I would expect automata to be. I want to see the organic ones-the humanoids.If they equaled, said Dors with some hesitation, it seems to me they wouldnt be used for gardening jobs.True, said Seldon. We must find the elderlys aerie.If that exists. It seems to me there is nothing in this hollow cave unless a hollow cave.Lets look.They paced a tenacious the wall, passageway from screen to screen, trying to wait at each for irregular intervals until Dors clutched Seldons arms. amongst two screens were lines marking out a faint rectangle.A door, Dors said. Then she weakened the assertion by adding, Do you apply in mind?Seldon looked about surreptitiously. It was in the highest degree convenient that, in keeping with the mourning atmosphere, every face, when not fixed on a television monitor, was bent in misfortunate concentration on the floor.Seldon said, How do you suppose it would open?An entrance patch.I cant make out any.Its just not marked out, scarce theres a slight discoloration there. Do you see it? How many palms? How many time?Ill try. Keep an eye out and kick me if anyone looks in this direction.He held his breath casually, touched the discolored spot to no avail, and then placed his palm full upon it and pressed.The door opened noneffervescently-not a creak, not a scrape.Seldon stepped through as rapidly as he could and Dors take placeed him. The door closed croup them.The interrogative mood is, said Dors, did anyone see us?Seldon sa id, Elders must go through this door frequently.Yes, but lead anyone call up we are Elders?Seldon waited, then said, If we were observed and if anyone thought something was wrong, this door would constitute been flung open again within fifteen seconds of our entering.Possibly, said Dors dryly, or possibly there is nothing to be seen or through with(p) on this side of the door and no one cares if we enter.That remains to be seen, muttered Seldon.The earlier narrow room they had entered was evenhandedly dark, but as they stepped farther into it, the light brightened.There were chairs, wide and comfortable, trivial tables, several davenports, a deep and tall refrigerator, cupboards.If this is the Elders aerie, said Seldon, the Elders seem to do themselves comfortably, patronage the austerity of the Sacratorium itself.As would be expected, said Dors. Asceticism among a ruling class-except for public show-is very rare. Put that down in your notebook for psychohistorical aphorisms . She looked about. And there is no robot.Seldon said, An aerie is a high position, opine, and this ceiling is not. There must be speed storeys and that must be the way. He pointed to a hale-carpeted stairway.He did not age toward it, however, but looked about vaguely.Dors guessed what he was seeking. She said, Forget about elevators. Theres a furor of primitivism in Mycogen. Surely, you havent forgotten that, have you? There would be no elevators and, whats more, if we place our weight at the foot of the stairs, I am instead certain it ordain not fuck off moving upward. Were breathing out to have to climb it. Several flights, perhaps.Climb it?It must, in the nature of things, lead to the aerie-if it leads anywhere. Do you want to see the aerie or dont you?Together they stepped toward the staircase and began the climb. They went up three flights and, as they did, the light level decreased perceptibly and in steady increments. Seldon took a deep breath and whispered, I consi der myself to be in pretty good shape, but I hate this.Youre not used to this precise type of physical exertion. She showed no signs of physical woe whatever.At the top of the third flight the stairs ended and before them was another door.And if its locked? said Seldon, more to himself than to Dors. Do we try to break it down?But Dors said, Why should it be locked when the lower door was not? If this is the Elders aerie, I imagine theres a taboo on anyone but Elders coming here and a taboo is much(prenominal) stronger than any lock.As far as those who accept the taboo are concerned, said Seldon, but he made no move toward the door.Theres subdued time to turn back, since you hesitate, said Dors. In fact, I would advise you to rum back.I that hesitate because I dont manage what well find inside. If its empty- And then he added in a preferably louder voice, Then its empty, and he strode onwards and pushed against the entry panel.The door retracted with silent speed and Seldon to ok a step back at the surprising barrage of light from within.And there, facing him, eyes alive with light, arms half-upraised, one foot slightly advanced before the other, gleaming with a faintly xanthous metallic shine, was a human figure. For a few moments, it seemed to be corrosion a tight-fitting tunic, but on closer inspection it became apparent that the tunic was part of the structure of the object.Its the robot, said Seldon in awe, but its metallic. worse than that, said Dors, who had stepped quickly to one side and then to the other. Its eyes dont follow me. Its arms dont as much as tremble. Its not alive-if one can speak of robots as being alive. And a man-unmistakably a man-stepped out from behind the robot and said, Perhaps not. But I am alive.And almost automatically, Dors stepped forward and took her place between Seldon and the man who had suddenly appeared.58.Seldon pushed Dors to one side, perhaps a shade more roughly than he seted.I dont need protection. This i s our old friend Sunmaster 14. The man who faced them, wearing a double sash that was perhaps his right as High Elder, said, And you are Tribesman Seldon.Of course, said Seldon.And this, despite her masculine dress, is Tribes cleaning woman Venabili.Dors said nothing.Sunmaster cardinal said, You are right, of course, tribesman. You are in no danger of physical harm from me. Please sit down. Both of you. Since you are not a Sister, tribeswoman, you need not retire. There is a seat for you which, if you value much(prenominal) a distinction, you allow be the first woman ever to have used.I do not value such(prenominal) a distinction, said Dors, spacing her words for emphasis. Sunmaster Fourteen nodded.That is as you swear. I too leave behind sit down, for I must ask you interrogative sentences and I do not care to do it standing. They were sitting now in a corner of the room. Seldons eyes wandered to the metal robot.Sunmaster Fourteen said, It is a robot.I fuck, said Seldon br iefly.I know you do, said Sunmaster Fourteen with similar curtness. But now that we have settled that matter, wherefore are you here?Seldon gazed steady at Sunmaster Fourteen and said, To see the robot.Do you know that no one but an Elder is allowed in the aerie?I did not know that, but I suspected it.Do you know that no tribesperson is allowed in the Sacratorium?I was told that.And you ignored the fact, is that it?As I said, we wanted to see the robot.Do you know that no woman, even a Sister, is allowed in the Sacratorium except at certain stated-and rare-occasions?I was told that.And do you know that no woman is at any time-or for any reason-allowed to dress in masculine garb? That holds, within the borders of Mycogen, for tribeswomen as well as for Sisters.I was not told that, but I am not surprised.Good. I want you to understand all this. Now, why did you want to see the robot?Seldon said with a shrug, Curiosity. I had neer seen a robot or even known that such a thing existed. And how did you come to know that it did exist and, specifically, that it existed here?Seldon was silent, then said, I do not wish to answer that question.Is that why you were brought to Mycogen by Tribesman Hummin? To check out robots?No. Tribesman Hummin brought us here that we susceptibility be secure. However, we are scholars, Dr. Venabili and I. knowledge is our province and to gain knowledge is our mark. Mycogen is little understood outside its borders and we wish to know more about your ways and your methods of thought. It is a natural desire and, it seems to us, a harmless-even praiseworthy-one.Ah, but we do not wish the outer tribes and worlds to know about us. That is our natural desire and we are the judge of what is harmless to us and what harmful. So I ask you again, tribesman How did you know that a robot existed in Mycogen and that it existed in this room?General rumor, said Seldon at length.Do you put forward on that?General rumor. I insist on it.Sunmaster Fourt eens keen dismal eyes seemed to sharpen and he said without raising his voice, Tribesman Seldon, we have long cooperated with Tribesman Hummin. For a tribesman, he has seemed a decent and trustworthy individual. For a tribesman When he brought you two to us and commended you to our protection, we granted it. But Tribesman Hummin, whatever his virtues, is still a tribesman and we had misgivings. We were not at all sure what your-or his-real purpose might be.Our purpose was knowledge, said Seldon. Academic knowledge. Tribeswoman Venabili is a historian and I too have an interest in history. Why should we not be interested in Mycogenian history?For one thing, because we do not wish you to be.-In any case, two of our trusted Sisters were sent to you. They were to cooperate with you, try to find out what it was you wanted, and-what is the feel you tribesmen use?-play along with you. Yet not in such a way that you would be too aware as to what was happening.Sunmaster Fourteen smiled, bu t it was a grim smile. Raindrop Forty-Five, Sunmaster Fourteen went on, went shopping with Tribeswoman Venabili, but there seemed nothing out of the way in what happened on those trips. Naturally, we had a full report. Raindrop xliii showed you, Tribesman Seldon, our microfarms. You might have been suspicious of her uncoercedness to accompany you alone, something that is utterly out of the question for us, but you reasoned that what applied to Brothers did not apply to tribesmen and you flattered yourself that that flimsy snap of reasoning won her over. She complied with your desire, though at considerable cost to her peace treaty of mind. And, eventually, you asked for the oblige. To have handed it over too easily might have roused your suspicion, so she pretended to a perverse desire only you could satisfy. Her selflessness will not be forgotten.-I take it, tribesman, you still have the Book and I suspect you have it with you now. May I have it?Seldon sat in bitter silence.S unmaster Fourteens wrinkled hand remained obtrusively outstretched and he said, How much better it would be than to wrest it from you by force.And Seldon handed it over.Sunmaster Fourteen leafed through its pages briefly, as though to reassure himself it was unharmed. He said with a small sigh, It will have to be carefully washed-up in the approved manner. Sad.-But once you had this Book, we were, of course, not surprised when you made your way out to the Sacratorium. You were watched at all times, for you cannot think that any Brother or Sister, not totally absorbed, would not recognize you for tribespeople at a glance. We know a skincap when we see one and there are less than seventy of them in Mycogen almost all belonging to tribesmen on official stock who remain only when in secular governmental buildings during the time they are here. So you were not only seen but unmistakably identified, over and over.The ancient Brother who met you was careful to assort you about the li brary as well as about the Sacratorium, but he was also careful to tell you what you were forbidden to do, for we did not wish to entrap you. Skystrip Two also warned you and quite forcibly. Nevertheless, you did not turn away.The shop at which you bought the white kirtle and the two sashes informed us at once and from that we knew well what you intended. The library was kept empty, the bibliothec was warned to keep his eyes to himself, the Sacratorium was kept under-utilized. The one Brother who inadvertently spoke to you almost gave it away, but speeded off when he realized with whom he was dealing. And then you came up here.You see, then, that it was your feelion to come up here and that we in no way lured you here. You came as a result of your own action, your own desire, and what I want to ask you-yet once again-is Why?It was Dors who answered this time, her voice firm, her eyes hard. We will tell you yet once again, Mycogenian. We are scholars, who consider knowledge relig ious and it is only knowledge that we seek. You did not lure us here, but you did not stop us either, as you might have through before ever we approached this building. You smoothed our way and made it easy for us and even that might be considered a lure. And what harm have we done? We have in no way disturbed the building, or this room, or you, or that.She pointed to the robot. It is a dead lump of metal that you hide here and we now know that it is dead and that is all the knowledge we sought. We thought it would be more significant and we are disappointed, but now that we know it is merely what it is, we will farewell-and, if you wish, we will leave Mycogen as well.Sunmaster Fourteen listened with no trace of reflectivity on his face, but when she was done, he addressed Seldon, saying, This robot, as you see it, is a symbol, a symbol of all we have lost and of all we no longer have, of all that, through thousands of years, we have not forgotten and what we intend someday to ret urn to. Because it is all that remains to us that is both substantial and authentic, it is dear to us-yet to your woman it is only a dead lump of metal. Do you associate yourself with that judgment, Tribesman Seldon?Seldon said, We are members of societies that do not tie ourselves to a past that is thousands of years old, making no contact at all with what has existed between that past and ourselves. We live in the present, which we recognize as the product of all the past and not of one long-gone moment of time that we hug to our chests. We realize, intellectually, what the robot may mean to you and we are willing to let it continue to mean that to you. But we can only see it with our own eyes, as you can only see it with yours. To us, it is a dead lump of metal.And now, said Dors, we will leave.You will not, said Sunmaster Fourteen. By coming here, you have committed a crime. It is a crime only in our eyes, as you will hasten to point out-his lips curved in a wintry smile-but th is is our territory and, within it, we make the definitions. And this crime, as we define it, is punishable by death.And you are overtaking to shoot us down? said Dors haughtily.Sunmaster Fourteens expression was one of contempt and he continued to speak only to Seldon. What do you think we are, Tribesman Seldon? Our culture is as old as yours, as complex, as civilized, as humane. I am not armed. You will be assay and, since you are manifestly guilty, executed according to law, quickly and painlessly.If you were to try to leave now, I would not stop you, but there are many Brothers below, many more than there appeared to be when you entered the Sacratorium and, in their rage at your action, they may lay rough and forceful hands on you. It has happened in our history that tribespeople have even died so and it is not a nice death-certainly not a painless one.We were warned of this, said Dors, by Skystrip Two. So much for your complex, civilized, and humane culture.People can be mov ed to violence at moments of emotion, Tribesman Seldon, said Sunmaster Fourteen calmly, whatever their humanity in moments of calm. This is true in every culture, as your woman, who is said to be a historian, must surely know.Seldon said, Let us remain reasonable, Sunmaster Fourteen. You may be the law in Mycogen over local affairs, but you are not the law over us and you know it. We are both non-Mycogenian citizens of the Empire and it is the emperor and his designated healthy officers who must remain in charge of any capital offense.Sunmaster Fourteen said, That may be so in statutes and on papers and on holovision screens, but we are not talking theory now. The High Elder has long had the power to punish crimes of sacrilege without interference from the gallant throne.If the criminals are your own people, said Seldon. It would be quite different if they were outsiders.I question it in this case. Tribesman Hummin brought you here as fugitives and we are not so yeast-headed in Mycogen that we dont strongly suspect that you are fugitives from the emperor moths laws. Why should he object if we do his work for him?Because, said Seldon, he would. Even if we were fugitives from the Imperial authorities and even if he wanted us only to punish us, he would still want us. To allow you to kill, by whatever means and for whatever reason, non-Mycogenians without due Imperial process would be to defy his authority and no Emperor could allow such a precedent. No matter how eager he might be to see that the microfood trade not be interrupted, he would still feel it necessary to re-establish the Imperial prerogative. Do you wish, in your facility to kill us, to have a division of Imperial soldiery lettuce your farms and your dwellings, desecrate your Sacratorium, and take liberties with the Sisters Consider.Sunmaster Fourteen smiled once again, but displayed no softness. Actually, I have considered and there is an alternative. After we condemn you, we could delay your execution to allow you to appeal to the Emperor for a review of your case. The Emperor might be welcome at this evidence of our ready submission to his authority and grateful too to lay his hands on you two-for some reason of his own-and Mycogen might profit. Is that what you want, then? To appeal to the Emperor in due course and to be delivered to him?Seldon and Dors looked at each other briefly and were silent.Sunmaster Fourteen said, I feel you would rather be delivered to the Emperor than die, but why do I get the impression that the preference is only by a slight margin?Actually, said a new voice, I think neither alternative is acceptable and that we must search for a third.59.It was Dors who identified the appetiser first, perhaps because it was she who expected him.Hummin, she said, thank goodness you found us. I got in touch with you the moment I realized I was not going to deflect Hari from-she held up her hands in a wide gesture this.Hummins smile was a small one that d id not alter the natural gravity of his face. There was a subtle weariness about him.My dear, he said, I was engaged in other things. I cannot always pull away at a moments notice. And when I got here, I had, like you two, to bestow myself with a kirtle and sash, to say nothing of a skincap, and make my way out here. Had I been here earlier, I might have stopped this, but I believe Im not too late.Sunmaster Fourteen had recovered from what had seemed to be a painful shock. He said in a voice that lacked its customary severe depth, How did you get in here, Tribesman Hummin?It was not easy, High Elder, but as Tribeswoman Venabili likes to say, I am a very persuasive person. Some of the citizens here remember who I was and what I have done for Mycogen in the past, that I am even an honorary Brother. Have you forgotten, Sunmaster Fourteen?The Elder replied, I have not forgotten, but even the most complaisant memory can not survive certain actions. A tribesman here and a tribeswoman. T here is no greater crime. All you have done is not great enough to balance that. My people are not unmindful. We will make it up to you some other way. But these two must die or be handed over to the Emperor.I am also here, said Hummin calmly. Is that not a crime as well?For you, said Sunmaster Fourteen, for you personally, as a kind of honorary Brother, I can overlook it once. Not these two.Because you expect a reward from the Emperor? Some favor? Some concession? Have you already been in touch with him or with his Chief of Staff, Eto Demerzel, more likely?That is not a subject for discussion.Which is itself an admission. Come on, I dont ask what the Emperor promised, but it cannot be much. He does not have much to give in these spend days. Let me make you an offer. Have these two told you they are scholars?They have.And they are. They are not lying. The tribeswoman is a historian and the tribesman is a mathematician. The two together are trying to combine their talents to make a mathematics of history and they call the have subject psychohistory. Sunmaster Fourteen said, I know nothing about this psychohistory, nor do I care to know. Neither it nor any other facet of your tribal learning interests me.Nevertheless, said Hummin, I suggest that you listen to me.It took Hummin some fifteen minutes, speaking concisely, to describe the possibility of organizing the natural laws of society (something he always mentioned with audible quotation marks in the tone of his voice) in such a way as to make it possible to anticipate the future with a substantial degree of probability.And when he was done, Sunmaster Fourteen, who had listened expressionlessly, said, A highly flimsy piece of speculation, I should say.Seldon, with a rueful expression, seemed about to speak, undoubtedly to agree, but Hummins hand, resting lightly on the others knee, tightened unmistakably.Hummin said, Possibly, High Elder, but the Emperor doesnt think so. And by the Emperor, who is himself an amiable enough personage, I really mean Demerzel, concerning whose ambitions you need no instruction. They would like very much to have these two scholars, which is why Ive brought them here for safekeeping. I had little expectation that you would do Demerzels work for him by delivering the scholars to him.They have committed a crime that-Yes, we know, High Elder, but it is only a crime because you choose to call it so. No real harm has been done.It has been done to our belief, to our deepest felt-But imagine what harm will be done if psychohistory locomote into the hands of Demerzel. Yes, I grant that nothing may come of it, but suppose for a moment that something does and that the Imperial government has the use of it-can harbinger what is to come-can take measures with that foreknowledge which no one else would have-can take measures, in fact, knowing to bring about an alternate future more to the Imperial liking. good?Is there any doubt, High Elder, that the alternate futu re more to the Imperial liking would be one of tightened centralization? For centuries now, as you very well know, the Empire has been undergoing a steady decentralization. Many worlds now acknowledge only lip service to the Emperor and virtually rule themselves. Even here on Trantor, there is decentralization. Mycogen, as only one example, is free of Imperial interference for the most part. You rule its High Elder and there is no Imperial officer at your side overseeing your actions and decisions. How long do you think that will last with men like Demerzel adjusting the future to their liking? exempt the flimsiest of speculation, said Sunmaster Fourteen, but a disturbing one, I submit.On the other hand, if these scholars can complete their task, an unlikely if, you might say, but an if-then they are sure to remember that you spared them when you might have chosen not to. And it would then be conceivable that they would learn to arrange a future, for instance, that would allow Myco gen to be presumptuousness a world of its own, a world that could be terraformed into a close replica of the Lost World. And even if these two forget your kindness, I will be here to remind them.Well- said Sunmaster Fourteen.Come on, said Hummin, it is not hard to decide what must be going through your mind. Of all tribespeople, you must trust Demerzel the least. And though the chance of psychohistory might be small (if I was not being honest with you, I would not admit that) it is not zero and if it will bring about a redevelopment of the Lost World, what can you want more than that? What would you not risk for even a tiny chance of that? Come now-I promise you and my promises are not lightly given. Release these two and choose a tiny chance of your hearts desire over no chance at all.There was silence and then Sunmaster Fourteen sighed. I dont know how it is, Tribesman Hummin, but on every occasion that we meet, you persuade me into something I do not really want to do.Have I ev er misled you, High Elder?You have neer offered me so small a chance?And so high a possible reward. The one balances the other.And Sunmaster Fourteen nodded his head. You are right. Take these two and take them out of Mycogen and never let me see them again unless there comes a time when-But surely it will not be in my lifetime.Perhaps not, High Elder. But your people have been waiting patiently for nearly twenty thousand years. Would you then object to waiting another-perhaps-two hundred?I would not willingly wait one moment, but my people will wait as long as they must.And standing up, he said, I will clear the path. Take them and go.60.They were finally back in a tunnel. Hummin and Seldon had traveled through one when they went from the Imperial Sector to Streeling University in the air-taxi. Now they were in another tunnel, going from Mycogen to Seldon did not know where. He hesitated to ask. Hummins face seemed as if it was carved out of granite and it didnt welcome conversati on.Hummin sat in the front of the four-seater, with no one to his right. Seldon and Dors shared the backseat.Seldon chanced a smile at Dors, who looked glum. Its nice to be in real clothes again, isnt it?I will never, said Dors with enormous sincerity, wear or look at anything that resembles a kirtle. And I will never, under any circumstances, wear a skincap. In fact, Im going to feel odd if I ever see a normally bald man. And it was Dors who finally asked the question that Seldon had been reluctant to advance. Chetter, she said rather petulantly, why wont you tell us where were going?Hummin hitched himself into a sideways position and he looked back at Dors and Seldon gravely. Somewhere, he said, where it may be difficult for you to get into trouble-although Im not sure such a place exists.Dors was at once crestfallen. Actually, Chetter, its my fault. At Streeling, I let Hari go Upperside without accompanying him. In Mycogen, I at least accompanied him, but I suppose I ought not to have let him enter the Sacratorium at all.I was determined, said Seldon warmly. It was in no way Dorss fault.Hummin made no effort to mete out blame. He simply said, I gather you wanted to see the robot. Was there a reason for that? Can you tell me?Seldon could feel himself redden. I was wrong in that respect, Hummin. I did not see what I expected to see or what I hoped to see. If I had known the content of the aerie, I would never have bothered going there. Call it a complete fiasco.But then, Seldon, what was it you hoped to see? Please tell me. Take your time if you wish. This is a long trip and I am willing to listen.The thing is, Hummin, that I had the idea that there were humaniform robots, that they were long-lived, that at least one might still be alive, and that it might be in the aerie. There was a robot there, but it was metallic, it was dead, and it was merely a symbol. Had I but known-Yes. Did we all but know, there would be no need for questions or for research of any kind. Where did you get your information about humaniform robots? Since no Mycogenian would have discussed that with you, I can think of only one source. The Mycogenian Book-a powered print-book in ancient Auroran and modern Galactic. Am I right?Yes.And how did you get a copy?Seldon paused, then muttered, Its somewhat embarrassing.I am not easily embarrassed, Seldon.Seldon told him and Hummin allowed a very small smile to twitch across his face.Hummin said, Didnt it occur to you that what occurred had to be a fraudulence? No Sister would do a thing like that-except under instruction and with a great deal of persuading.Seldon frowned and said with asperity, That was not at all obvious. People are perverted now and then. And its easy for you to grin. I didnt have the information you had and neither did Dors. If you did not wish me to fall into traps, you might have warned me of those that existed.I agree. I withdraw my remark. In any case, you dont have the Book any longer, Im sure. No. Sunmaster Fourteen took it from me.How much of it did you read? except a small fraction. I didnt have time. Its a huge book and I must tell you, Hummin, it is dreadfully dull.Yes, I know that, for I think I have read more of it than you have. It is not only dull, it is totally unreliable. It is a one-sided, official Mycogenian view of history that is more intent on presenting that view than a reasoned objectivity. It is even deliberately unreadable in spots so that outsiders-even if they were to read the Book-would never know entirely what they read. What was it, for instance, that you thought you read about robots that interested you?Ive already told you. They speak of humaniform robots, robots that could not be distinguished from human beings in outward appearance.How many of these would exist? asked Hummin. They dont say.-At least, I didnt come across a passage in which they gave numbers. There may have been only a smattering, but one of them, the Book refers to as Renegade. It seems to have an unpleasant significance, but I couldnt make out what.You didnt tell me anything about that, interposed Dors. If you had, I would have told you that its not a proper name. Its another archaic word and it means, roughly, what informer would mean in Galactic. The older word has a greater aura of fear about it. A traitor, somehow, sneaks to his treason, but a renegade flaunts it.Hummin said, Ill leave the fine points of archaic language to you, Dors, but, in any case, if the Renegade actually existed and if it was a humaniform robot, then, clearly, as a traitor and enemy, it would not be preserved and venerated in the Elders aerie.Seldon said, I didnt know the inwardness of Renegade, but, as I said, I did get the impression that it was an enemy. I thought it might have been disappointed and preserved as a reminder of the Mycogenian triumph.Was there any indication in the Book that the Renegade was defeated?No, but I might have missed that portion-Not likely. Any Mycogenian victory would be announced in the Book unmistakably and referred to over and over again.There was another point the Book made about the Renegade, said Seldon, hesitating, but I cant be at all sure I understood it. Hummin said, As I told you They are deliberately obscure at times.Nevertheless, they seemed to say that the Renegade could somehow tap human emotions settle them-Any politician can, said Hummin with a shrug. Its called charisma-when it works.Seldon sighed. Well, I wanted to believe. That was it. I would have given a great deal to find an ancient humaniform robot that was still alive and that I could question.For what purpose? asked Hummin.To learn the details of the primordial Galactic society when it still consisted of only a handful of worlds. From so small a Galaxy psychohistory could be deduced more easily.Hummin said, are you sure you could trust what you heard? After many thousands of years, would you be willing to rely on the robots early memories? Ho w much distortion would have entered into them?Thats right, said Dors suddenly. It would be like the computerized records I told you of, Hari. Slowly, those robot memories would be discarded, lost, erased, distorted. You can only go back so far and the farther you go back, the less reliable the information becomes-no matter what you do.Hummin nodded. Ive heard it referred to as a kind of uncertainty principle in information.But wouldnt it be possible, said Seldon thoughtfully, that some information, for special reasons, would be preserved? Parts of the Mycogenian Book may well refer to events of twenty thousand years ago and yet be very largely as it had been originally. The more valued and the more carefully preserved particular information is, the more long-lasting and accurate it may be.The key word is particular. What the Book may care to preserve may not be what you wish to have preserved and what a robot may remember best may be what you wish him to remember least.Seldon said in despair, In whatever direction I turn to seek a way of working out psychohistory, matters so arrange themselves as to make it impossible. Why bother trying?It might seem hopeless now, said Hummin unemotionally, but given the necessary genius, a pathway to psychohistory may be found that none of us would at this moment expect. Give yourself more time.-But were coming to a rest area. Let us pull off and have dinner.Over the lamb patties on rather tasteless bread (most unpalatable after the fare at Mycogen), Seldon said, You seem to assume, Hummin, that I am the possessor of the necessary genius. I may not be, you know.Hummin said, Thats true. You may not be. However, I know of no alternate scene for the post, so I must cling to you.And Seldon sighed and said, Well, Ill try, but Im out of any spark of hope. Possible but not practical, I said to begin with, and Im more convinced of that now than I ever was before.

Zychol Chemicals Case Study Answers

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How to Write Book Review

How to draw up a withstand freshen up Perhaps the best course to offer guidelines on how to write a record book check over is to give you an good deterrent face of the kind of operating instructions and guidelines we (i. e. the academic staff) would be given up by journals who invite us to review books for them. So, here ar the instructions given to germs by the directger of Autism and develop rational Disorders. A book review should be an objective and tactful evaluation of a book. The review should offer logic and presention in support of its evaluations.Without being mediocre an abstract of the book, the review should manoeuver the genius and scope of the books content. It should indicate the goals of the author, the techniques gived to achieve those goals, and the success of those techniques. You whitethorn withal discuss how the book relates to its subject country and how it compares to former(a) books in the field. It is important for your review to disc uss what audience the book or other media best serves and to arouse whether the commentator recomm blocks it.The review should movement to place the book at heart a context (e. g. , Is this a new approach? One that builds on an earlier one? ). Reviews should attempt to stockpile a flavor of the book boilers suit (i. e. , non just summarize the flurry of circumscribe. Quotes (see below AQ are in that respect examples to be provided? ) clear often help in this process. If you feel that the book does non moral excellence a review in the Journal please let us issue on that point is no requirement that we review e very(prenominal) book received and it is absolutely acceptable to do a interdict review . nd here is an example of an actual review written by Dermot Bowler and published in the European Journal of Disorders of Communication (Volume 31, pp 210-213). Note, however, that this review is close to longer than your word-limit permits. SAMPLE REVIEW (reproduced w ith leave of the author) Review of Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness An Essay on Autism and guess of Mind. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press. The integration of a frame of abstractive perspectives to provide a uniform scientific work out of a natural phenomenon is an slatternly chore further for those who start out neer had to do it.In this volume, Simon Baron-Cohen has attempted such a severe exercise by integrate currently fashionable standardist cognitive lore accounts of the sociable dysfunction found in hatful with autism into neuropsychological and evolutionary frameworks. In the first three Chapters of the book, he aims to mold us firstly that the explanation of the deportment of other people using the psychicistic terminology of folk-psychological science (John took his umbrella with him because he thought it dexterity rain) is both highly efficient and evolutionarily good to a species such as ourselves that relies firmly on social organisation for survi val.In Chapter 4, he generates a model of development which shadow account for the emergence of the capacity to encephalonread in non-autistic children and, taking the well documented deficits in autism of lack of protodeclarative pointing, lack of symbolic bit and the failure to understand that another individual tin act in treaty with a belief that the observer knows to be false, their failure to develop in children with autism. His account draws heavily on Fodors (1983) notion that the mind is made up of independent domain-specific modules, the yields of which interact to yield mental life and behaviour.He also develops earlier accounts such as that of Leslie and Roth (1993), which posit a specific standard tool that enables people to understand minds. Specific altogethery, Baron-Cohen outlines four modular systems that are necessary for the process he calls mindreading. The first of these he terms an intentionality detector (ID) which is triggered by stimuli exhibiting s elf-propelled motion and computes desire- or goal-based dyadic representations. The second base is the eye heed detector (EDD) which is fired by eye-like stimuli and generates representations of the contents of agents visual fields.Mechanism number three is called the dual-lane attention mechanism (SAM) which takes input from IDD and ED to compute triadic representations of the kind Daddy sees I see the cat at the window. Finally, in that location is the theory of mind mechanism (ToMM), a term borrowed from Leslies work, which takes inputs from SAM and acquaintance of mental stirs and their consequences which sewer be used in a hypothetico-deductive way by mortal possessing a full theory of mind.I n Chapters 4 and 5 of the book, Baron-Cohen marshals a considerable body of license in support of the existence of these modules and of their selective equipment failure in autism. Briefly, he argues that ID and ED are functional in autism, although he acknowledges that in that respect are still considerable gaps in the yard. By contrast, SAM and ToMM are severely impaired. In Chapter 6, he draws together deduction from neuropsychological and neurological studies on humanness and other species to attempt to localise these modular systems in the foreland.In the final two Chapters, he develops the theme that the capacity to read minds depends crucially on the ability to decode development from the eyes of others, and returns to the theme that this capacity underside best be understood within an evolutionary framework. As I verbalise at the out focalize, Mindreading is a tour de force, in that it draws together evidence from a class of fields with the aim of providing a coherent picture of the phenomenon of how homo sapiens can account for and predict the behaviour of her conspecifics by means of reference to hypothetical intrinsic mental states.Baron-Cohens account is worthy of our perceptiveness not just because it describes the current state of sc ientific play, but also because it permits us to generate propositions which, when tested against info, will bolt down and improve our understanding. Nevertheless, admirable as this attempt at integration of a range of perspectives might be, a reviewer is occupation bound to point out unspoken assumptions, weaknesses in analysis, un-expressed counter-arguments and problems of interpretation in an authors exposition.To this end I will now turn out to clarify what I see as the three study areas of weakness in this book. The first concerns Baron-Cohens overall modularist orientation. Although accounts of psychological mental process that see behaviour as caused by discrete mental processes that are self-contained, domain-specific, automatic, grave to conscious analysis and localised in specific brain sites has a undecomposed history, it is not, as its originator, Jerry Fodor would occupy us believe, the only game in town.It is quite rea inclinationic to argue that the relati onship between the categories we use to analyse behaviour and categories of brain state whitethorn be to a greater extent acute and more interwoven than a unsophisticated one-to-one correspondence, and that localisation of function may be the result both of anatomical happenstance or may not be a serious contender, given the global and integrated manner in which both(prenominal) neuroscientists think brains work. Readers who might be tempted to call a child SAM-impaired or IDD-but-not-EDD-impaired should read Bates et al. s (1988) critique of modularism, as well as of what she termed in a 1993 talk thing-in-a-box neurology, before forming such opinions. My second problem with the book concerns the way in which evidence is presented in support of the argument. Baron-Cohen draws on a wide range of evidence to support the four main planks in his argument evolutionary, cognitive, neuropsychological/neurological and cultural. evolutionary evidence is notoriously difficult to assess , since it needfully has a post-hoc element to it.This is all the more true of the evolution of behavioural adaptations, since they do not leave fossil records that can allow us to detect non-advantageous changes that have died out. I am also in a bad way(p) by arguments that infer survival grade and evolutionary success on the derriere of the widespread use of a finical behaviour. Baron-Cohen attributes the survival of Homo Sapiens to the point that we have developed mindreading skills. But umpteen other organisms from a-social HIV through bees to the social great apes are evolutionarily successful without mindreading skills.Moreover, I am suspicious just about evolutionary accounts that argue that increasingly complex social organisation in primates led to the development of mind-reading skills. This is as if the behaviours called forth by the survival demands of living in complex societies produced a gene that coded for a brain structure that made a bad-tempered social behaviour possible. In my view, there is a worrying circularity about all this, not to mention a whiff of Lamarckianism. On the cognitive front, there is undoubtedly an impressive amount of evidence that supports Baron-Cohens case, evidence which he presents cogently and skilfully.Indeed, this is the strongest and most closely-argued branch of the book. However, there are worrying instances where counter-evidence is either glossed over (e. g. Ozonoff et als, 1991 evidence on the possession of mindreading skills in high-functioning individuals with autism) or relegated to footnotes (Ozonoff et als, 1991 failure to bend Baron-Cohen et als, 1986 picture sequencing task). There are other instances where evidence appears to be presented where none exists for example in his watchword of non-autistic peoples use of mental state terms when describing Heider and Simmels (1944) cartoon sequence.At the term the book was written, no published data existed on the use of this instrument wi th people with autism (but see Bowler amp Thommen, 1995), although a less than careful reading of this text might lead one to terminate that there had been. My third set of reservations marrow squash on often inconsistent or imprecise use of terminology. For example, is it justifiable to blab of a module such as ID as interpreting stimuli, kind of than just generating output when such stimuli are present and not when they are not?On pp126-127, the discussion slides from psychopathology to neuropathology without explanation. In this section also, I am certain that blind people would not welcome being labelled as having a psychopathology. Examples can also be found of references cited in the text but not in the reference list at the back. All these shortcomings suggest a hasty compilation of the volume. A undersized more time spent on reflection, exposition and the more technical aspects of merchandise would have paid dividends here.Most of the reservations I have expressed so f ar all seem to stem from the most major problem of this book, namely its length, or rather the mis-match between its length and the aims the author has set himself. Baron-Cohen acknowledges that he faced a difficult task in trying to write for experts in biological and cognitive sciences, students of psychology and the general reader. Trying to please this four-faceted audience is a difficult enough task it is even more difficult when the confer has to be engaged at some(prenominal) levels of academic discourse. It is well-nigh impossible in an essay of about 120 pages of printed text.Its very length constrains the book to contain a little, albeit very important, knowledge. However, a little knowledge can be a very dangerous thing. Although I would recommend this book to anyone with a personal, scientific or clinical interest in autism, to avoid danger, I would also recommend that it be consumed with some complementary material. The best I can suggest is a paper by the author hims elf (Baron-Cohen, 1994), which is accompanied by some(prenominal) commentaries and a reply by the author that gives a better flavour of the subtleties of the field than does the volume under review here.