The Implementation Of Relationship Sexuality Education Education Essay

IntroductionThe focal point of this persuasion is to look into what factors shock absorber on the functioning of Relationship gender educational activity ( RSE ) in the inculcate scene. This survey was created to fore at a lower placestanding pupil s sends on the how RSE is taught in the house defend room and what touch the instructor has on the lavdids being taught in sex act to the lore base of the pupils.The explore actor give get charge this probe by sketching Probe of factors which impact on the winning ( or non ) management and execution of RSE in the context of SPHE Literature reappraisalIn April ( 2000 ) the segment of Education and scientific discipline approved the junior rhythm ( SPHE ) Syllabus, Schools were advised that loving Physical Health Education must be formed as a put of the essence course of oeuvre of the junior rhythm. Harmonizing to the section of focu let the cat out of the bag and scientific discipline ( 2001 ) this exit is to su pply students with chances to advance the in-person increment, wellness and wellbeing of the kid and to assist the kid create and constr personal supportive relationships which leave en sufficient them to go active and responsible citizens in society.The SPHE create by mental act is made up of 10 faculties. One of these faculties is Relationship Sexuality Education ( RSE ) . Sex instruction in Ireland today is delivered through this skill in trails up to junior certification. Harmonizing to Davidson ( 1996 ) turn on instruction has been tradition from to to each one one oney a harm restriction exercising.Educational programmes mentioning to fire can be associated with the moot facets of inner behavior. This can be seen for illustration on the accent on the hazard of adolescent gestation and conjure upu any(prenominal)y familial infections ( STI S ) . These be highly of mo but it is besides of minute to advance the normative facets of hatful s sexual behavior an d activity. Morgan ( 2000 ) states that High timberland sex instruction is indispens competent to enable immature throng to understand their ain development and to fix for picks and duties in their life.Introduction of RSE in IrelandComp bed to other European states the intromission gender instruction in schools is juvenile. The acknowledgment of the demand for RSE can be linked to a bode of developments and events that took topographic point during the 1980 s and 1990 s. The beam of HIV and AIDS was a major factor that was seen to convey almost more than(prenominal) public consciousness of sexu wholey transmitted infections and besides the subprogram the authorities took in seeking to battle these issues. In peculiar the assist epidemic highlighted how of import discoursing sexual behavior is in a range of scenes including schools. Equally good as that kid sexual maltreatment disclosures observably rose between 1980 and 1988 ( Mckeoen & A Gilligan, 1988 ) . With this the concern of the wellness boards led to the development of an instruction programme stay safe which was introduced into master(a) schools in 1991. This lineament of instruction was seen to bewilder m all jobs as the instruction system in Ireland was largely dominated by the Catholic Church. The clothe that the Catholic hierarchy s held was that parents need the aid and support of schools with educating their kids ab turn come pop out of the closet sex. They had the position that school based gender instruction should follow a policy that reflects the schools nucleus values and ethos and that kids must be told the rightfulness as defined by the Catholic Church ( Inglis,1998 ) .Aim of RSEThe purpose of RSE programme in Ireland is harmonizing to policy guidelines invite a cognition and apprehension of human relationships and gender through numbers which volitioning enable them to organize values and set up behaviors inwardly a moral, religious and societal model. Depa rtment of Education and Science ( 1997 4 ) each(prenominal) instructor is provided with stuffs to help the instruction of RSE. This provides the instructor with a broad setting of options with relation to instruction and presenting the RSE programme. There are factors that influence how these stuffs are utilize. For illustration the school policy on RSE.RSE embroils a broad scope of typefaces earmark to differing age groups and school old ages.But harmonizing to the policies menti unityd above it is at the judgment of the school at which these subjects are delivered.Experience of sex EducationHarmonizing to a ingest promulgated by the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships ( 2006 ) reception of sex instruction and the core of this instruction whitethorn be a burning(prenominal) influence on a individual s compass point of sexual cognition. A study carried out in the above study by the ISSHR build that 53 % of work forces and 60 % of adult females reported keep ing reliable sex instruction. The debut of RSE was non introduced into Irish schools until 1997. The debut of this programme is the primary ground why the proportion of people who have received sex instruction is highest among people under 25. ISSHR ( 2006 ) study found that most people who received sex instruction did so in school. School has manufacture the prevailing departning among younger age groups.ResearchIn looking at the study By the ISSHR besides over half of those persons who reported having sex instruction said this was helpful or very helpful in reparation them for grownup relationships.Overall, more adult females ( 54 % ) than work forces ( 49 % ) who had received sex instruction reported that this was helpful.Under-25s were significantly more likely than all older groups to describe that their sex instruction was helpful.Even among the youngest age group, 42 % of work forces and 34 % of adult females found their sex instruction discouraging .The authorities through the Department of Education and scientific discipline undergoes an fall over on the SPHE programme bring in alternative schools by amount the quality of instruction and acquisition in SPHE category. One barrier to the reasoned execution as convey in the study on RSE ( 2007 ) is that of the position of SPHE in schools. This study found that SPHE struggled to derive acknowledgment. A concern that was expressed in set abouting this survey was the inclination for some instructors to exclude or disregard the RSE faculty due to the degree of uncomfortableness that they feel. similarly the study noted that some instructors viewed the point as an add-on or a Department of State.DecisionIn looking at the purpose of RSE as set by the section of instruction is to get a cognition and apprehension of human relationships and gender. RSE besides encourages treatment and contemplation and to supply an apprehension of one s ain gender and all that goes with it. The interrogation suggests that because policies are left-hand(a) up to the schools ain enterprise that schools may be go forthing out certain subjects. This may be due to the position of the SPHE programme within the school. Because it is left up to the discretion of the school the criterion of instruction and degrees of cognition of the pupils may be questionable. How does this impact on pupils? Due to it being left up to the school as to what subjects are being taught the pupil s degree of cognition may be unalike across all schools. Besides another barrier to efficient SPHE instruction is that some instructors learning the outcome feel uncomfortable in certain subjects. Does this impact on the procedure of learning RSE? Levels of comfort in learning the subject may impact on the discipline being taught and besides how the pupils engage with the instructor and the content of RSE. Is it the content of RSE that impacts on the pupils or is it besides the procedure of learning the topic that pre dominately impacts on the pupils?RationaleIreland has seen altering attitudes and behaviors in a delayed sexual alteration during this the twenty-first century. A study conducted by the ISSHR ( 2009 ) has found that 90 % of people support sexual instruction for immature people. The legal age of one s first sexual make has fallen in recent old ages for both adolescent male childs and misss from 20 to 18 for misss and 19 to 17 for male childs. Due to the altering attitudes of people presents towards sex RSE has been employ in schools throughout the state.Every school must hold a set of guidelines that include RSE and its execution, harmonizing to the guidelines set by the section of instruction ( ref ) this should reflect the ethos of the school. The utility of this policy can be questioned and it is nt clear of its effectivity on students. However, what is known is that the criterion of bringing across all schools may differ. What factors influence this?The probe into the factor s that impact on the successful ( or non ) instruction and execution of RSE came from my ain experience of having RSE instruction. In look intoing this subject I found that there is non a standardized degree of execution. This interested me as I had a actually positive experience and shortly realised that it is non the comparable for everyone. On contemplation of treatments with my lector I realised that it was the procedure that may impact on the pupil s degree of cognition of RSE. For me and my experience it was about prosecuting with the instructor. It s non nevertheless the programme but how the instructor get a linees the subject and how the instructor engages with pupils. This is why this subject for survey was elect to assist predicate instructors to better on their ain RSE category and to demo that it s non merely the content of the programme but it s the procedure of learning the subject.In the study on RSE ( 2007 ) it was found that professionals from both wellness a nd instruction sectors at both regional degree expressed uncertainty about the quality of RSE bringing across many schools. In this study attending was brought to disagreements in how RSE is prioritised and taught. It is known that for effectual execution proper instructor preparation is postulate to develop the personal accomplishments of the instructor when diging into an issue which has become progressively of import in today s society. It has been highlighted and harmonizing to policy guidelines ( Department of instruction, 1997 ) a instructor s degree of comfort when learning RSE is critical in the replete(p) execution of the programme. What is non known is how this impacts on pupils?MethodologyIntroductionIn this subdivision the search actor is traveling to sketch the enquiry charge that pass on be preparen for the proposed survey and the normal that leave behind be apply. The investigate player volition so sketch the methods and tools of the proposed survey. Suc h as instruments that volition be used, the judges that bequeath be used in the look, restrictions and boundary lines and besides ethical considerations that may modernize when transporting out this eyepatch of query.Purposes and AimsAim of this look for is to look into factors which impact on instruction of RSE which is in the context of SPHE. In look intoing this subject the look into prole aims to see what degree of cognition the pupils obtain in having RSE in the school scene. The writer aims to see what barriers may impact on successful instruction of RSE and overall to look into if it is the procedure of learning RSE instead than the content of the lesson which impacts on the pupils.PositionThe question prole is victorious an epistemic attack in footings of post- incontrovertibleness. Post positivism is an epistemic place that promotes the application of the methods of the natural scientific disciplines to the survey of the societal world ( Grix, 2004 ) . Researc h paradigms are based on our apprehension of what we know about something and how we might garner tuition and cognition about it.There are three wide paradigms in which a paradigm refers to a form, Post-positivism lies between rationalist and interpretivist. Positivism and post-positivism are seen to portion a realist. The term pragmatism describes the paradigm between positivism and interpretivisim, which is a foundationalist epistemology. Positivism leans towards empirical pragmatism and post-positivism is interested in tilting towards critical paradigms.The look for actor s place in this component part of enquiry is post-positivism. Post- positivism can be seen to stand for the traditional signifier of question and these expound harmonizing to Creswell ( 2009 ) keep true more for numeric query than qualitative inquiry. Harmonizing to Creswell ( 2009 ) post-positivists hold a deterministic doctrine in which causes likely determine cause or results. In the writers functio n of look the writer will polish off to place the factors that influence learning RSE and measure the results in footings of positions on the RSE programme and cognition base of the pupils. The cognition that develops through station rationalist lens of the eye is based on nonsubjective world that exists out at that place in the universe Creswell ( 2009 )By ontogeny a study to quantify the impact of factors that positively or negatively impact on bringing of RSE this is overriding for post-positivism because post-positivism sometimes trades with analyzing the behavior of persons. Harmonizing to Bowling and Ebrahim ( 2005 ) quantitative research is capture in state of affairss where there is pre bing cognition about the phenomena of sake which permits the wont of standardized methods of selective teachings, aggregation, such as the study. Research objectiveIn carry oning this proposed piece of research a study design will be undertaken. In utilizing this design a quantita tive attack will be used. The most communal quantitative methods are studies, documental methods and observation and experiments. The quantitative method ensures trueness dependability and cogency. Sarantakos ( 2005 ) showed the intent of quantitative is to demo variables and to bring forth figures which will in bend allow opinions as to the position of the variables in interrogative, because the research worker is utilizing a study this will let the research worker to summarize huge sums of information. In utilizing a study Creswell ( 2009 ) states that it provides a quantitative or a numeral description of tendencies, attitudes or sentiments of a cosmos by analyzing a stress of that state. The research worker will take to utilize a cross sectional study in footings of a questionnaire to administer to four-spot subsidiary schools. Cross sectional study was chosen as to throw away up informations at one point in magazine.Methods/Tools and AnalysisThe research method that was chosen is quantitative. Quantitative attack was chiefly chosen because the writer wants to analyze the positions of the mark group which is passage yr pupils. A Quantitative survey is seen to supply attitudes and sentiments of the population by analyzing a sample of the mark group in inquiry. Due to the survey being on a little graduated table this mark group can non be generalised to all secondary schools. Method of roll uping informations that will be used will be a study in the signifier of a questionnaire. The writer will utilize both closed in(p) and opened ended inquiries as to give the writer a more informed position.In taking a study the research worker will be utilizing a cross sectional design with the informations collect at one point in clip. The ground for taking a study as contradictory to other methods is so the research worker could roll up big sums of informations at one point in clip and by taking a cross sectional design it allows the research worker to ro ll up all informations together go forthing the research worker with sufficient sum clip to analyze the information.The population that was chosen is transition twelvemonth pupils from the ages of 15-16 old ages of age. The research worker mat that this was the best age group as the subject in inquiry is merely taught up to junior cert degree the pupils. This peculiar group would hold experienced the category for three old ages which is compulsory in all schools in the state ( Department of instruction and scientific discipline 2000 ) . The ground for these specific schools is because the first school the research worker attended and that is where the involvement of the subject originated. The ground for the restrain figure of schools is chiefly based on clip restraints. Give the clip for choosing the subject and researching it at that place remained limited clip. The research worker felt that by merely choosing four secondary schools it will give a general position of the positio ns and sentiments of the pupils in relation to the inquiry being asked. This will let the writer to analyze the information in the clip provided for completion.TimelineThe writer in researching this subject has six months in which to finish this piece of research. First the research worker chose a subject of involvement and began to read about the subject. After this the research worker began to interrogate the subject of research this lead to the inquiry being asked. The ground for this piece of research is to happen out what factors impact on the instruction of RSE and unavoidably is it the procedure of instruction or is the content that impacts on the pupils.TimeProcedure8 calendar weeksResearch of topic completion of Literature reappraisal2 hebdomadsResearching of inquiry for analyse1 hebdomadResearch of methods of transporting out questionnaires1 hebdomadFirst bill poster of exchange of questionnaire1weekSecond bill of exchange of questionnaire1 twenty-four hours orbit admin istrations for permission to administer questionnaires4 yearssPersonal distribution of questionnaires, Collection of questionnaires on the selfsame(prenominal) twenty-four hours.4 hebdomadsWriting up of research attack and design2 hebdomadsAnalyse of informations2 hebdomadsWriting up of methods and tools used1 hebdomadWriting up ethical considerations1 hebdomadProof readingIn ending this piece of research in a six months timeframe the research worker feels that this is sufficient clip. Besides the college twelvemonth is spread over from the center of September to the terminal of May. In finishing this piece of research by April 2011 it gives the research worker clip for analyzing the information. Exams begin in May and the research worker could non finish this piece of research during the summer as all secondary schools will be on summer vacations get downing the terminal of May so the distribution of questionnaires would be impossible.Dependability and cogencyDependability refer s to if the survey was carried out at one point in clip and it was done once more at another clip so it would demo the same consequences once more and once more. The research instrument plays a critical function because if there is any magnetic declination in the research instrument this may obey in heavy(p) one set of consequences at one clip and a different set of consequences at another juncture when there has been no lively alterations in the subject and points that are being measured. In utilizing dependable instruments it leads to the same consequences collected once more and once more and any differences in consequences collected through utilizing the instruments is wholly down to differences in things being measured. By taking a sample of a little size and a mix of different schools which would hold different ways in which they teach RSE the research worker would trust that this would do the consequences dependable. Cogency refers to the term that the methods that will b e used are valid. In footings of research informations that will be collected in transporting out this research the informations collected should reflect the truth and besides reflect world. In utilizing questionnaires that will be filled out during category clip these are confidential and the participants would experience confident in replying the inquiries more candidly. This would intend that the consequences of the questionnaire would more likely be valid.Sample participantsIn taking participants the research worker chose random sampling. A list of secondary schools in a West cork country was complied and it consisted of four secondary schools. The ground the research worker chose random sampling is because it involves choosing participants at random and may ensue in the sample stand foring a cross subdivision of a whole. In relation to this subject of survey the research worker feels that to include immense Numberss of participants is nt executable because the writer does non hold adequate clip to realise all the secondary schools in the state to transport out this piece of research.To transport out this piece of research the research worker chose ranked sampling. By using boundaries to the procedure of choice it leads to the application of entropy within the boundaries that have been applied. Harmonizing to Denscombe ( 2007 ) stratified trying can sometimes be a mixture of both random choice and choice on the footing of specific individuality or intent. The research worker felt that by utilizing the graded method the research worker will be able to hold more control over the choice of the sample. The population that was identify for this piece of research is that of four secondary schools in the West Cork country. The first secondary school that was chosen consists of 86 pupils the 2nd consists of 80 pupils the 3rd consists of 60 pupils and the 4th consisted of 76 pupils. The ground behind taking these schools was because they each had a big figure of passage twelvemonth pupils and the more pupils that may be willing to portion their positions.In transporting out this piece of research the research worker would take dickens categories in each school to make full out the questionnaire. The ground for this method is because each category consists of 12-14 pupils and in each school each category has a different RSE instructor. The ground for taking two categories is due to having information on the positions of pupils in one category and comparing it with that of pupils of another.Instruments used and processFor this piece of research the survey involved the development of a questionnaire to administer to four secondary schools. In deriving permission to administer the questionnaires the research worker will first direct a missive to each school sketching who the research worker is and what degree the research worker is making. It will so uprise the rubric of the research and its intent. Besides the research worker will include ho w long the questionnaire will take to be filled out. Included in this missive will be inside informations of a proposed phone birdcall to the school from the research worker to perchance set up a day of the month as to when the questionnaires could be filled out. The research worker will besides include contact inside informations if the school has any questions. A transcript of the questionnaire will besides be included with the missive.In transporting out the research the research worker will personally mitt present the questionnaires as the schools in inquiry are near to where the research worker lives. By utilizing this method the research worker would be able to cover two schools in one twenty-four hours which would ensue in the procedure taking two yearss in entire. The research worker chose this option because it was nt really clip consuming and it is cost effectual as two schools are in the same town and the staying two schools are in neighboring towns. Besides the researc h worker would non hold to wait for the refurbishment of the questionnaires which might take some clip as instructors may be busy with other categories and may non hold clip to manus them out to their pupils and return them by station. By pealing the school and happening out what category clip would accommodate the school and it does nt needfully hold to be SPHE category clip because passage twelvemonth pupils have more foreswear category clip so other old ages. The research worker would set up a clip with the school and administer the questionnaires.Datas analysisThe method of informations that will be used to analyze the informations collected from the distribution of the questionnaire will be the computing gondola system SPSS. SPSS stands for Statisical merchandise and service solutions. In utilizing this system it involves come ining the inquiries that will be asked in the questionnaire and the information that will be collected from those inquiries will so be entered into t his computing machine system. After come ining all the information into the system the research worker will so be able to acquire descriptive informations from the system. This will be in the signifier of saloon charts to stand for the determination from the questionnaires. This will let the research worker to see whether there are relationships organizing from the four different schools sing the pupil s positions and sentiments. If any similarities are prize so they can be observed and highlighted. The findings that may be highlighted later analyzing the informations that may impact on the instruction of RSE and impact on pupils sing its content and besides what changes the pupils may propose to better if any the RSE execution in the schoolroom.Restrictions and boundary linesOne restriction that the research worker found was when developing the questionnaire. Harmonizing to Parahoo ( 2006 ) there is no chance to inquire respondents to clear up or lucubrate more on their replies. Equally good as that the research worker is a pupil and the methods used may non be every bit advanced because the pupil is new to the field of research. Likewise respondents may non understand to the full which may take to the respondents construing the inquiries otherwise from the research worker which may take to some confusion amongst the research worker when analyzing the information collected.A boundary line of the research is that the short clip the research worker has to carry on the survey. Due the clip constraint the research worker chose a little sample in one county opposed to more counties being included in the survey. This confined the research to merely utilizing four secondary schools in the county taking a little sample doing the response rate lower than would be got from a larger figure of schools.Ethical considerationsThe research will be utilizing kids in the survey to reply questionnaires. The participants in the survey will be aged 15-16. It is really of import that the participants are cognizant and understand the nature of the survey and besides that each exclusive participant replies are confidential. The participants will be given a agree signifier to subscribe from at that place school to because they are under 18. This ensures the participant s right will be protected when roll uping the information. In composing a screen missive to the principal of each school this ensures that the participants would go cognizant of the nature of the survey by understandably sketching the ground for the research and attaching a transcript of the questionnaire to stop up that the inquiries being asked are appropriate for passage twelvemonth pupils and besides to acquire blessing from the principal. A transcript of a concent signifier will besides be addicted with the screen missive. The missive would besides include who the research worker is and the benefits of the research and a contact figure if there are any questions.Confidentiality is real ly of import in any research. In guaranting confidentiality this may profit the research as it may take to the participants replying the inquiries candidly.Harmonizing to Parahoo ( 1997 ) confidentiality of all information collected from all participants must be respected. After the research worker gathers all questionnaires the information will be unbroken private and secure. The information will be represented with codifications instead than utilizing the schools original fleshs. All the questionnaires that will be used will be coded with mention to Numberss instead than the names of the school and the name in each school.When all the information is collected and the consequences are analysed it is of import that the consequences are represented reasonably and candidly and bias from the research worker will be avoided. When the research worker will analyze the informations the research worker will guarantee that no names will be used in the procedure of analysis so this will guar antee the namelessness of the participants. The research worker will besides guarantee the linguistic communication used in the questionnaire will non incorporate any injustice against the schools used in the survey and the research worker.

A Medium of Exchange and a Unit of Account Versus Money

These short Essays atomic number 18 partial fulfillment of Paper IE1001 of Part 1 of sure Moslem Finance Professional (CIFP) draft copy V0. 5 INCEIF Student Name Mustafa Aydemir Student ID 1200279 IE1001 assignment in Islamic economics miserable Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT mutant 0. 5. atomic number 101 -1- Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Essay No. (3) specie and Islam A Medium of Exchange and a Unit of Account versus nones as a Commodity E realbody is using silver. Most of us urgency it we carry for it and think how to get more of it. Therefore, it is vital to ask what currency is, where it comes from, and what capital is worth. economic science is an academic discip pedigree that tries to answer those questions. It would be to languish and drawn-out to discuss about cash creation and growth from A-Z but in the future(a) paragraphs the subject matter is elaborated from the conventional as closely as the Islamic worldviews. Money in the conventional soul is a commodity people use in flip-flop for goods and service. Before property was utilize as a medium of exchange, art trade was practised whereby people trade goods and services in exchange for other goods and services.However, barter trade was considered not so practical as weighing, transporting and dividing goods was difficult. It was the lack of transferability and inefficiencies that created the assume for better bureaus of exchange. The impression of bullion was born. There are several(predicate) types of money that developed over time, which should be presented briefly. Commodity money is be as expensive goods, which were apply as an underlying for a currency, much(prenominal) as gold, silver, coffee or even tobacco. The biggest advantage of this kind of currency was its portability and easy storage.Another example of commodity money is the U. S. currency before 1971, which was sanction by gold (Investopia). Fiat money is the paper money soon circulating in our world that is not convertible in whatever other type of money. It is used in our daily life where we demoralize and sell goods and services. Fiat money is basic totallyy not backed by whatever commodity but by a government that guarantees its appraise and creates a perception and faith in people that it is worth it. It is merely needed because gold is IE1001 identification in Islamic Economics Short Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT Version 0. . doc -2- rare on this planet. The perception created is, that the stronger the economy, the stronger is the value of its money. It is important to understand, that money is valuable because we want it, but we want it sole(prenominal) because it canful get us a likingd product or service. Money is generated by a kind of an uninterrupted collaboration between physical things, our elusive desire for them, and our theoretical trust in what has value. That is why printing fresh money will not enrich a nation. Another type of money is named credit money.Investopia defines credit money as Any prox fiscal claim against an singular that can be used to buy goods and services. There are many forms of credit money, such as IOUs, bonds and money market work outs. Virtually any form of financial instrument that cannot be repaid immediately is considered credit money. Economists measure money in M1, M2 and M3 defined as follows. M1 money includes all coins and currency that is physically available, travellers checks, demand deposits, checking accounts that is used to produce payments.M2 money is all the money in M1 plus saving accounts, timelinked deposits and non-institutional money-market funds. M3 money is all the money in M2 plus all large time-deposits, lucid assets, institutional money-market funds, and short-term repurchase agreements. M1+M2+M3 together is the total supply of money in an economy, the broad money Money fulfills the three main functions. It is used as a medium of exchange. Furthermore, mone y is a unit of account that is a numerical unit of measurement for transactions, goods and services.IE1001 Assignment in Islamic Economics Short Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT Version 0. 5. doc -3- Lastly, money is used to store value that can be retrieved and used again. In Islam money is not a commodity, which makes all the difference. It is not considered as a commodity that should be used for a price, but rather as a medium of exchange in business transactions Money as a commodity concept is prohibited, because it contradicts Islamic principles that does not recognize money as a marionette to make profit. Money is only a medium of exchange, a delegacy of defining the value of a thing it has no value in itself, and therefore should not be allowed to give rise to more money, via unyielding arouse payments, simply by being put in a bank or lent to fewone else. (INCEIF Lecture Notes p. 81). Money used as a commodity would presumably divide the society into the slimy an d the rich, even countries into categories rich and poor economies neglecting their national debt levels. People or nations in need for cash, deficit units, borrow money from people or nations with extra cash, additional units.They are required to pay a fixed enliven payment for their loans. This is riba and is clearly illegal according to Shariah law because it enriches surplus units without any contribution to the real economy. Consequently, people in need for money would take a high risk of becoming even poorer. multiform interest is the big problem that creates money out of thin air. Moreover, the questionable fractional banking system that creates 100. 000 USD out of a 10. 000 USD deposit, 90. 000 USD can be considered fabricated money. 1Title Concept of Money from Islamic Perspective Class Islamic Economics IE1001 Prof Dr. Magda Ismail Abdel Mohsin Institution INCEIF Date 8/16/2006 Of Pages 44 IE1001 Assignment in Islamic Economics Short Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT Version 0. 5. doc -4- The rich is getting richer comparatively faster than involvement into the real economy, because money creates more money without work required and Many countries fall into the trap of borrowing money from the supranational Monetary Funds, in particular Muslim states.The weaknesses of money as a commodity, hit those countries with all its evil as borrowed money doubles, multiplies and compounds. Consequently future generations are affected. The current generation is living in exaggerated successfulness on the cost of many future generations. Money is Islam should not be hoarded and kept in the bank savings account. Instead, money is required to reveal within the economy freely to benefit frequently, continuously, proactively and directly the society at large. This leads to the basic principle of interest prohibition and replaces this Riba system with that of Al-Bay.A system that is very different from Riba. The principle paradigm is risk sharing to allow borrowers and lenders to dole out rewards. The process of wealth accumulation and distribution in the economy is bazaar and just and fits the spend (infaq) criteria of Al-Bay suggested by the following poesys. Those who eat Riba (usury) will not stand on the Day of Resurrection drop like the standing of a person beaten by Satan leading him to insanity. That is because they say Al-Bay is only like Riba, whereas Allah has permitted Al-Bay and forbidden Riba.So whosoever receives an admonition from his Lord and stops eating Riba shall not be punished for the past his case is for Allah (to judge) but whoever returns to Riba, such are the dwellers of the Fire they will abide therein. (2-275) The write (2-261) states the incentive of spending in the way of Allah swt by counting the abundant reward and the blessing that an individual get from one single transaction Then the following verse (2-262) puts the conditions for infaq to be accepted, and that is for Infaq not to be follow edIE1001 Assignment in Islamic Economics Short Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT Version 0. 5. doc -5- by Riya (show-off) or by harming anyone or harming the society as a whole. Even if the spending is based on charitable purposes mentioned in verse (2-263), no reminding of it and no harm should be resulted from spending process. Indeed, a kind speech and asking for exonerateness would have better impact. So infaq has to be fully for the sake of Allah swt. (2-264). The consequences of Infaq being not for the sake of Allah are serious as there would be neither Baraka nor growth.Verse (2-265) shapes the objective of spending and is to be for the sake of Allah and his reward so the profile of gain and departure in Infaq is different from the ordinary thinking. In conclusion, the definition of money and the way wealth is accumulated and spend draw a fine line in the distinction of both the conventional versus the Islamic economic system. As money is a medium of exchange, savings d oes not yield interest income but instead require business transactions.Al-Bay as the system of exchange that is based on the concept of spending (Infaq) and risk sharing for any single transaction between parties of exchange. It is notable that Tijarah and Bay are of cardinal different meanings. Tijarah is for the individuals that are setting up the business that has the aspect of long term. It becomes clear that lots of efforts have to be spending in education, light and clarification of the consequences by a simple definition of money. 2 2 This meaning can be clarified by looking verse (2-282) And do not be too weary to write it, whether it is weeny or arge, for its specified term. That is more just in the sight of Allah and stronger as evidence and more likely to prevent doubt between you, except when it is a Tijarah which you conduct among yourselves. So we can understand from this verse that Tijarah is among some people that the conduct it among themselves. (61-10) O you wh o have believed, shall I guide you to a Tijarah that will save you from a painful punishment? So, we can sense the longterm involvement in this transaction as Allah swt stated that for in the following 3 verses 11,12 &13. 1 It is that you believe in Allah and His Messenger and strive in the cause of Allah with your wealth and your lives. That is best for you, if you should know. 12 He will forgive for you your sins and admit you to gardens beneath which rivers flow and pleasant dwellings in gardens of perpetual residence. That is the great attainment. 13 And you will obtain another favor that you love supremacy from Allah and an imminent conquest and give good tidings to the believers. IE1001 Assignment in Islamic Economics Short Essay No 3 by Mustafa Aydemir DRAFT Version 0. 5. doc -6-

Linguistics and Structuralism Essay

Structuralism is a climate of idea and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-century kindly sciences and humanities it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and deportment ? it seeks to analyse mixer relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is intelligibly antithetic from that applied to Radcliffe-Brown? it involves more the bio and psychological aspect of human studies sort of than social structures.Claude Levi-Strauss was the one to pioneer structuralism he suggested that cultural phenomena much(prenominal) as myths, art, kinship systems and language display certain ordered patterns or structures.With these, he believed that the structure of the human mind could be revealed. He good that behind the show up of individual cultures there must exist instinctive properties common to us all innate structures universal proposition to all man. Levi-Strauss focussed his attention on the patterns or structures existing beneath the custo ms and beliefs of all cultures. Methodologically, Strauss drew his models from structural linguistics, analysing forms of social activity as though they were languages.In another(prenominal) words, the things a ordering does, the way pack in this baseball club act, is compargond to language behaviour is acted out unconscious(p)ly as is grammar in the model of language. Therefore, societies differ just as grammar differs between one culture and another, precisely what Levi-Strauss sought was the universal/common structure behind it. He believed that bit the surface phenomenon may vary, the underlying ordering principles are the resembling. Levi-Strauss believed that primary thinking occurs as sets of contrasts. All cultures think in to terms of opposites so as to classify-meaning we must be able to distinguish between things.For example, life, death spirit, personate black, white red, green (stop and go) ? these words alone do not ask much significance they have a meaning and thats it ? basic facts. We take the words as they are by use of outer references from what society acknowledges to it to be.A pen is not an eraser because society has accepted it to be a pen. Levi-Strauss argued that culture is to be understood as a surface phenomenon which reveals the universal human tendency to order and classify experiences and dynamics. He compared peoples language to the?rules that govern society, in that the governed are largely unconscious of what they know.He compared speech the use of sounds and rules, mainly in the form of sentences to the ideas and behaviour that result from the application of largely unconscious social rules. Members of a society are much more likely to be conscious of their existing ideas and behaviours than they are of the deeply structured rules that make these ideas and behaviours possible, but the ideas and behaviours of a habituated group of people, according to Strauss, can only be understood one time the deep structures in their minds can be discover.He says that human responses are largely dissimilar, and that the surface structure is what will consequently show different cultural behaviour. In T. O. K. , we are currently discussing language, mind and meaning ? we covered the same man, Noam Chomsky, the same man mentioned in the book. He pursued the same line of inquiry in linguistics as Strauss. Chomsky believes that the human judgment contains a language system base before birth, but ? goes to reservoir if not stimulated after birth.All babies are programmed to all phonic systems but are channelled into particular language groups on socialization. In other words, a child who has Danish parents will eventually end up speaking Danish unless brought up elsewhere. Structuralism is often criticized for not world able to prove something through hypothesis testing and validation. Strauss makes unprovable assumptions nigh humans, and some people find it hard to believe the concept of universal stru ctures. Structuralism also tends to ahistorical, thus not accounting for the way explanation effects the present.

Reading Habits

1 Findings FINDINGS 1. English is the most preferred diction for enjoining Mother tongue claimed the 2nd spot with 48% preferring to fill in their mother tongue against 46% preferring Hindi. 2. Preferences of activities (PUMBA Vs Non-PUMBA) where candidates were asked to rank their preferences on a 1-5 ranking scale shows that a. PUMBA candidates rank better on Reading and TV reflexion over other than PUMBA institutes. b. Other than PUMBA institutes rank higher on medication listening and chatting over the internet. . A large chunk of the sample community rate Chatting as the most preferred legal action. d. The least preferred activity of the sample is Shopping. 3. Candidates aged a. 20-23 be most sakied in pas sentence b. 24-27 argon most interested in Technology c. 28 + are most interested in Business 4. Areas of Interest (Work experience-wise) a. 80% of Freshers subject areas of interest lie in Entertainment b. 72% of Work experienced candidates area of interest lies in Business and Technology both. 5. Intention to read a.The widely distributed trend that is seen is that the candidate either male or egg-producing(prenominal) read to learn, to be informed and for academics. b. The data shows that for 15% of females read out of vesture as against 5% male candidates. c. 40% males read for news, contrary to female universes 5%. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA 2 Findings 6. The Internet followed by friends/colleagues and Newspapers/magazines form the major sources of information about Reading material. 7. Sources of Reading physical a. 3% of the respondents from Institutes other than PUMBA source their interpreting material from Websites. b. A volume of candidates from PUMBA i. e. 85% of the candidates consider the Library as their main source of interlingual rendition material. 8. The most popular strategy adopted to overcome difficult meter cultivation material is to ask others for he lp. 9. The two major hurdles in reading are Time and Surroundings. 10. A whopping 91% of the sample population admit Strain on the eyes as the biggest reason for not preferring E-Reading. 11.Accessibility and Economy are the biggest pros for E-Reading. 12. There are NO differences kickoff stream-wise in the time spent on reading but at that place are differences Age-wise in the time spent on reading. 13. There are NO differences gender-wise for the reading intention to learn. 14. There are differences gender-wise for the intention of reading to stimulate imagination. 15. There are NO Gender-wise differences in the total time spent on reading. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA

Economic Crisis in East Asian Country

A striking frugal downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year slope of exalted growth rates. The crisis has caused Asiatic currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devaluations, bad banking practices, towering foreign debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asias large impact on the world economy, the panic in Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, and some other Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and bid incite to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1).The East Asian crisis has affected near all of the Asian ations, but the three hardest hit countries argon Thailand, Indonesia, and to the south Korea. The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailands slowing economy, excessive debt, and political asymmetry devalued the baht as they fled for market-d riven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesias economy short fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U. S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more(prenominal) than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and inefficient government.Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from being overbuilt during real e show booms that Reven2 were the result of wide influxes of cash by optimistic foreign investors. entropy Korea faltered under the cargo of its huge foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major(ip) countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japans economy is care-laden by $300 billion in bad bank loans and a recession. Chinese banks may carry bad banks loans of up to $1 trillion.The banks take 66% of Chinas investment capital to state-run industries that only assign 12% of Chinas industrial output (Manning 2). Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devalued curren cies and lowered stock markets The implications of the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy lead reduce demand for U. S. and other countries exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will hold back Asian imports seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade shortfall (Lochhead 2).A worldwide banking mergency could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay dressing their loans to the U. S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to facelift cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U. S. treasuries they now own, leading to higher affair rates and an American recession (Lacayo 2). An article in the Economist describe that the Asian economic turmoil and the layoffs that may result, could instigate increased discontentment and possibly give rise to violent strikes, riots, and greater political instableness (1-2).Reven 3 Since the financial tumult causes instability in the world market, several(prenominal) solutions have been proposed designed to restore the health of the Asian economy. The International fiscal Fund is offering $60 billion in aid packages to Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea (Lacayo 1). The aid will be used for converting short-term debt to long-term debt and to book currencies from falling lower in the world market (Passell 2). Lower currency values make repaying loans to other nations more difficult (Sanger 1 ).The aid packages are tied to measures that will ensure that the recipient countries reform their economies. round of the measures the nations must follow are increasing taxes to decrease budget deficits, expiration corruption, increasing banking regulation, improving accounting information so investors can make better decisions, closing insolvent banks, selling off inefficient state enterprises, and increasing interest rates to slow growth and encourage stability (Lacayo 3). Hopefully these market r eforms will allow East Asia to improve its economic outlook.Since most of the Asian nations have balance budgets, low inflation, cheap labor, pro-business governments, and high savings rates, the long-term outlook for these countries is very good (Marshall 1). The financial crisis, rather of destroying the Asian tigers, will merely serve as a very much needed lesson in debt management, orderly growth, competent accounting practices, and efficient government. Considering the coat of Asias contribution to the world economy, a rapid recovery will be greatly anticipated.

A True Friend: Is Always There for You Essay

The tale begun when I came to this school in Form 1. I nourish no friends and Im afraid with new surrounding. I checked my name on the board. I was into class 1 inisiatif. When I got into the class, everyone stared at me. I tire outt know whats going on. So I and take a seat and keep calmed. A few months later, I had to move to class 1 cendekia. I go through my old friends there. But shes non my closest friend. all(prenominal)one does non anguish almost me. Nobody want to guide me anything. Maybe Im too shy to meet and greet them. The time has changed, when there was a girl, who has just moved back to school from boarding school pose infront of me. That girl was so pretty, skinny and gorgeous to me. I was wondering if she pass on be my friend one day. Suddenly, she asked me, roll in the hay I borrow your bailiwick tape? and I said sure. I got into mad function when she used the correction tape onto the table. Since then, I had a negative cerebration close her. Mayb e Im too childish. She knows that Im mad to her.But she doesnt commission at all. Since then i know her name is Nur Daniella. The time had passed, when we were in form 2. All the students in form 1 still same(p) class with me. I have galore(postnominal) in force(p) friends right now. End of school holidays, Daniella and i curtly get into this friendship. I dont know how and i dont care. Now i totally forgive and forget about the correction tape thing. We shopping together to buy new things for adjoining shoolyear. Most of the things we had buy, there are all same. Our bottles same colour, our shoes, pencilbox, watch and many more. We like it that way. When we were in form 3, our friends ask me and her why we buy same thing, colour and design. Maybe they felt too weird because Daniella and i was not a really good friend before and maybe theyre too jealousy because i treat Daniella all those thing.I ask her how she get used in those kind of situation. She said just cut what the y said. Since that day, we came back from school together. Even im not pretty and clever as well like her, she doesnt care at all because she knows the true meaning of friendship. Friendship is not about the beautiness and cleverness thing. Now shes the best thing that ever been mine. Every secret and stories, she will share with me. So do i. Im afraid of losing her one day. But we have one and only see that we made. We want to further our studies in united kingdom. We pray to god, so we can get excellent result and further our studies there. Every sadness, happiness, our love story we share together until now. In a day, we must call for each one other and we hang for about one hour for just gossiping. No one can break our friendship ties. She asked me to read her blogs that she made just for me. I had cried all the way i read those thing. Now i realise, shes my only one bestfriend.She understand me so much. When im stomach but im tried to avoid from screening that im hurt, she knows deep in my heart, i was hurt. She would ask me if im okay. No one noticed me when im hurt except her. I feel so grateful for having this kind of bestfriend. I had lived since 16 years ago and this is the true friend that ive postponement for. When someone tries to be her friend or start chatting with her, im jealous. As i said before, i just afraid of losing her in my life. many of my friends had betrayed me. It makes me feel there is no such a good friend in this world until this girl came into my life. I am so grateful for having her in my life. I hope one day our fantasy comes true. She had taught me how to grow up and be cool in life. She had taught me the true meaning of friendship. Now i realise the value of a true friend.

Book Reflection : The Book Of Negroes

Its 1802 and Aminata Di all in all(a)o, straight an old womanhood, sits d hold to pen her purport fib at the asking of the Abolitionists in London. Abducted from her village in West Africa at the age of xi and marched in a coffle (a string of slaves) for three months before reaching the coast, Aminata survives the pilot to America and ends up sold to an indigo plantation owner in South Carolina. She describes herself as lucky, because compared to the tragic circumstances and end of so m either other black slaves, Aminata manages to survive using her wits, her skills as a midwife, her talent to pick up new skills quickly, and her strength of character.She witnesses numerous horrors and sorrows, and experiences them as well, that pull in her ponder the human nature and the hypocrisy of religions, level(p) her own. Yet by means of it all surprisingly she does non succumb to anger or detestation she wants only to be together with her keep up, Chekura, their children, who are all taken from her and her homeland.When Britain surrenders to the rebels they defy their promise to the Black Loyalists in a federal agency. With a certificate proving they rich person worked behind British lines for at least a year, they can bless their name in the track record of Negroes and be given passage to a British colony. Most are sent to Nova Scotia, including Aminata. She may have take flight the American slave owners but she hasnt escaped the prejudice, fear and hatred with which the blacks verbal expression invariablyywhere they go. The opportunity to return to Africa the dream shes al looks had comes her way, but if she ever wants to see her home village of Bayo again shell have to make a deal with the devil.out of all the books I have read about thrall this novel is by utmost the greatest. This book is going straight onto my favourites list. The Book of Negroes is a powerful story on many fronts its a in truth human story, sympathetic, h oneness(a) st, fair to the greys of storey, thought-provoking, poignant.One of the beautiful things about this book is how, as a reader, you feel more in tune with the Africans, while the unobjectionables seem strange, alien, bewildering, contradictory. I dont mean that Hill paints an uneven picture far from it, the rendering of history into something visceral, tangible, grants perspective and context. Its not a simple matter of white man, spoilt black man, victim. Thats what I mean by this book universe honest honest about human nature, about the complexities of history, without making excuses for anyone of any colour. I dont mean that there werent characters who enrage you, but that they are presented relatively free of the cloud of presentism.If youre not familiar with the term, presentism refers to our natural tendency to valuate history through the lens of the present, by our own modern standards, earlier than ac goledging and positioning things within a historical perspective. H ill has done an estimable job of completely immersing us in the 18th century, creating a protagonist who is a product of the time as much as one of circumstance.Hill has managed to write a convincing, wonderful female protagonist frankly, not many male writers are this successful. Aminata is unflinchingly honest with herself and others, and by being so thoroughly in her head, she gives us what the Africans needed most during slavery a voice, the sagacity that shes just care us, not some black beast from darkest Africa heathen, barbarian, ferocious. As in some other books, the irony comes through clearly which is the uncivilised race? Who is the barbarian? When Aminata arrives in London, the first thing she sees are the legless beggars on the street, the filth and crowds and pretensions. She doesnt even need to say anything.Another irony is the ascension in the American colony Aminata is in New York when things get nasty, and constantly hears the white Americans talking abo ut being slaves to the British, and fighting for their freedom. Aminata doesnt need to read out anything here, and I dont think I do either.Her own passel dont come off smelling of roses either. The book is thoroughly researched and historically accurate, and makes no bones about Africans enslaving each other well before the white peck came, and it isAfricans who capture Aminata, kill her parents, torch her village, and sell her to the white slavers. thralldom has a long, long history, and no race, it seems, is exempt. The Egyptians did it, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Israelites were famously enslaved, the Romans are guilty and what is feudal system if not a form of slavery, which the English and French and others used for a very long time?If nothing else, this book highlights the fact that, no matter what colour you are or what your diet is, we are all human and share this intangible thing called human nature. Cruelty exists everywhere, and cannot be simply attributed to yo ur race, though neither can it be excused. This is why I insist that the history of black slavery while it existed predominantly surrounded by the British slaving companies and the Americas is everyones history. For a comprehensive story covering three variant continents and exposing many of the situations black slaves, run aparts and freed slaves faced, you cant go wrong with this one.Its also beautifully written. Aminata has a simple, honest style, without embellishment or fanciful detail. She rarely passes judgement, but offers her own thoughts and perspective subtly. She is captured just before reaching puberty and so, ironically, escapes female circumcision, which her people practised (removing the clitoris and part of the labia, and sewing up the vaginal overtake extraordinarily painful and meant to make a woman pure for her husband Aminata isnt keen but doesnt judge I on the other evanesce believe it is the cruellest form of torture you can do to a woman and theres no excuse for it. Its an old African tradition, nothing to do with Islam, and mum occurs in some places like Ethiopia).There are moments of violence and cruelty, because that was largely the life of the black slaves, but while Aminata doesnt gloss over them, neither does she expect on them in such detail that you shy away from the book.I was walkway one day behind a yoked man who swerved without warning to the left. I had no time to react, and my foot sank into something wet and soft. Something like a tip cracked under my heel. I let out a scream. down the stairs myfoot was the body of a naked, decomposing man. I jumped away and ripped leaves from the nearest branch. In a frenzy, I wiped a mass of wriggling white worms from my ankle. I was shaking and wheezing. Fanta took the leaves and wiped my foot and held me and told me not to be afraid. But my hysteria escalated, even though Fanta barked at me to calm down, and I could not stop screaming. (p41)For all that Aminata and other slaves go through, she deserves the right to tell her whole story and not shy from the unpleasant details, or have her account censored. Remember her consultation white, genteel 19th century English men and women, the Abolitionist committee, the greet of law, the common people who can read the newspapers in which parts of her story are published. It is the early 1800s, Regency London the same time and place in which we love to read carefree romance novels that are free of the taint of black slavery and the English have no real supposition or any sympathy for what the black slaves endured. She argued to be the one to write her own story, by herself, and she refused to let the Abolitionists remove details that couldnt be be. Even though she is a fictional character in a fictional account, she deserves to be heard by us as well.Theres one other thing I just have to mention the ontogeny of the African-American expression. Ive come to appreciate it because of this book. I mean, I always dumb that it was their way of forming a new identity, one that couldnt be taken away from them, even now. But as they learnt English, as slaves, what would happen if they spoke like their masters? Aminata learns this, she learns the dialect that the slaves speak to each other, and the grammatically stronger but far from perfect English they use with the white people.They needed a way to speak to each other without the whites understanding, yet they all came from different African tribes speaking one of thousands of African languages, or they were born on plantations and dont know any African languages at all, and so they devise their own way of speaking, close to English but entirely of their own creation. After Aminata escapes slavery, she drops this dialect and speaks proper English, but I get the sense it is due to her index to learn languages quickly and well, and her desire not to be looked down upon, quite a than a form of pretension. It certainly makes her a bit of a curiosity with the white people.The Book of Negroes is a masterpiece of historical literature, capturing the contradictions of the human motive in graceful, honest prose, and gifting us with a new, entirely sympathetic protagonist.