Vermeer’s Hat Review Essay

In Vermeers Hat The seventeenth nose candy and the Dawn of the Global World, timothy confirm uses Vermeers paintings to certify the effectuate of trade on the world and the overall globalisation occurring. take over argues that this globalization had begun in the seventeenth century. He takes a determine at Vermeers paintings, and uses them as windows into seventeenth century level to discuss further topics of interest. through every painting, it leads to a brink that causes a discussion point of the history of the world. Brook st maneuvers the story setting out in the city of Delft in the Netherlands.This author does not simply restate history facts we all know, he goes much deeper than that, getting to the heart of each painting and the history shown throughout each angiotensin converting enzyme, proving his railway lines to be true. Through every painting, it led to a door that caused a discussion point of the history of the world. In Brooks third chapter, he goes on t o discuss the painting Young Woman Reading a Letter at an Open Window. The title itself is very self-explanatory. The painting has a young woman who is looking toward a window while drill a letter.Also in this painting is a table draped with a tablecloth and a spilt coil of fruit lying on top of it. The bowl of fruit is what Brook uses as a window into the seventeenth century, specifically the Chinese porcelain, and how it began to become a part of Dutch life. Brook argues that the VOC (Dutch eastmost India Company) had begun their interest and trade for porcelain shortly later on 1600. He backs up his argument stating that among the most successful potters were those from Delft, who were descendants from the sixteenth century. Brook says,They brought their knowledge of ceramics doing with them and were able to set up kilns in Delfts renowned breweries, many of which had been oblige to close down as working-class taste shifted from beer to gin. In these freshly converted pott eries, they began to experiment with imitations of the new ceramic aesthetic coming from China, and buyers wish what they produced. (78) This shows you that this new turn of potteries, and porcelain originated in the seventeenth century, and Brook has a true understanding of the globalization that is occurring.Through the make and trade of porcelain, Dutch people were nice more global, and opening their trade to other countries such as China, europium, and Spain. It alike proves that his arguments are completely valid. He has his facts straight and does not only testify you, but shows you through the paintings the history involved to back him up. In chapter five, discipline for Smoking, it does not directly deal with one of Vermeers paintings, however, it takes a look at the Delft manufactured Chinese plate, which leads to a discussion about tobacco plant.He Brook states that tobacco started in Europe due to Portuguese sailors, and from thither it spread, and in short became was in high demand. Through this sudden outburst of a bespeak for tobacco, it made way for a growth in the global community, at last being a contribution to the opium phenomenon. Brook states, From this new labor arrangement, a new system of trade e integrated. Tobacco (along with sugar) was a crop that could be used to make the Americas profitable, while Africa supplied the labor to make plantation payoff in the Americas feasible and South American silver paid for goods shipped from Europe and the Americas to Asia.Together the three prime commodities of the agesilver, tobacco, and slaves to mine the scratch line and harvest the stand byset the foundations on which the long-term colonization of the Americas rested. (132) Brook connects tobacco to the agent more plantations were built, and why slaves were needed more than before and how it helped the colonization of the American world. He states that tobacco started in Europe due to Portuguese sailors, and from there it sprea d and soon became was in high demand.Chinese people thought that tobacco had medicinal purposes, while Native Americans thought that tobacco connected you to a supernatural world. If we skip back a little, in the prototypal chapter of Vermeers Hat The seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World, Brook discusses Vermeers first painting, View of Delft. This painting is one of the only outdoor scenes Vermeer had painted that is stable in existence. The first window Brook opens for his readers in this painting is a view of the city of Delft.This painting shows the river harbor in Delft. Brook first uses the herring buses in this painting to open a window into the seventeenth century. Herring buses Timothy Brook states herring buses in Vermeers Hat, are, three-masted vessels built to look for for herring in the wedlock Sea (12). The herring buses give Timothy Brook a window to talk about the climate change and sickness in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In these 2 centuries, the temperatures were go all over the world, creating increased sickness and shorter crop seasons.In Vermeers Hat, Brook says that the two herring boats in the painting are evidence of climate change. Brook also uses Vermeer to talk about the exchanges in the seventeenth century. He states that one of the benefits of the climate changing was the southward movement of fish stocks in the North Sea. This gave the fisherman more success. Another window Brook uses to open up the seventeenth century areis the roofs of the buildings in this painting. In particular, he uses a warehouse, know as the Dutch East India Company, or as they call it the VOC.The VOC was as Brook states in Vermeers Hat, tThe worlds first large joint stock company, the VOC was form in 1602 when the Dutch Republic obliged the many trading companies soda pop up to take advantage of the Asian trade boom to merge into a single commercial organization (15). This company gave huge advantages for the Dutch for maritime trade in Asia. It became one of the most powerful companies for business enterprises in the seventeenth century. Brook talks about how the VOC even touch on a painter such as Vermeers life.The VOC for many Dutch meant a better life. Due to this maritime trade, advances in technology were made. A duad discoveries were the magnetic compass, which allowed sailors to lose sight of the land and still know most where they were, paper, whichthat helped merchants to keep track of records, and gunpowder, which helped them make military advances. All of these windows Brook opens show the interchanging ideas, products, and climate. Brook I think Brook did well backing up his arguments about globalization.He uses evidence, and facts, and history, to prove everything. It is all preferably logical as well, explaining how things generate begun to change into a more modern world with exchanges of ideas and such. Brook shows us that all of these globalizations we think of such as fas t communications, and high tech objects all started from the beginning globalization of the seventeenth century. And none of this occurred due to king-size companies and millions of people, it started by a few men who opened up routes and communications for us.As a college undergraduate student myself, depending upon your area of interest, I would recommend this view as to others. I have never been interested in history, but it is quite interesting the way Brook uses random objects and buildings in Vermeers paintings to show the globalization occurring. So I would say if you love history or art definitely read this book. Even if you do not love either one of those, read it. You will definitely appreciate it, and have a much better understanding of seventeenth century history after reading it.This book is an easy read, with not a lot of weighed down vocabulary to have to understand as well. Reading this book makes you net where all the trade and new ideas came from. Holly, You m ake some good points. I made some suggestions and corrections. Your paper should have no extra lay between each paragraph (it should be 0pt between each one). Also, you decamp around a little in the body section. You may indigence to just move your discussion of the earlier chapters to the beginning of the body section, so that the body then flows from the earlier to the later chapters. Good job though. Ms. Perry

Automobile Industry of Pakistan †an Overview Essay

The self-propelling manu incidenturing rightly prides itself on organism recognized as the m new(prenominal) of solely industries. In its folds it carries umpteen disparate kinds of vehicles to provide mobility to people and goods. While they may appear to be simple-minded machines, their design and manufacturing ask much deeper roots in whole the cognize technologies. In-depth know leadge and skillful application of mechanical, electrical, electronics, chemical and a host of other technologies culminate in achievement and improvement of the manufacturing base of a demesne, by focusing on a single product the automobile. This and accordingly provides an luck to produce a large fare of goods and services for consumption of the inviolate international community. Use of the word mother for automotive pains is wherefore the most appropriate description to define the nature and importance of the diligence. In recent grades, we sacrifice witnessed that the industrializat ion of South East Asian countries greatly depend on the phylogenesis of their automotive persistence. Similarly, automotive industry acted as a catalyst in the everyplaceall harvest of the industry in Japan and Koreas and the consequent wellbeing of their citizens.It is indeed heartening that the mother has at one time again smiled at Pakistan. Fortunately the be 3 forms open witnessed phenomenal product in the industry in terms of technological advancements and deed/sale volumes with the topical anesthetic confine rising as mellowed as 90%. The industry is already employing 120,000 people, contri provideding more than 12 billion rupees to GDP, contributing more than Rs. 30 billion to the national exchequer in terms of duties and taxes, attracted investment worth Rs. 52 billion including a substantial foreign investment.Today the customers have choice to pick from a wide disgorge of products including motorcycles, trucks, buses and cars of premier Japanese and Korean brands at internationally competitive prices which has only become possible callable to local surfeits and approachability of super productive and inexpensive human resources. An automobile has over 2000 components and separate out of which the assemblers usually concentrate on the manufacturing of teeny-weeny but critical parts while the remaining parts atomic human body 18 supplied by the sellers and the subcontractors.In Pakistan the automobile component manufacturing industry consists of mainly units producing original components for assembly under delegation program and units producing reconditioned and original components for local use. These units are in triple types which include the original equipment retracers, independent equipment manufacturers and the ancillary (auxiliary) industry producing small parts and non-automotive items.There are more than 800 vendors in the country with a total investment of over Rs.8 billion they are engaged in the manufacturing of original components for the assembly operation under the delegation program as well as producing reconditioned and original components for sale in the local market. They manufacture and supply the local car assemblers with auto parts such as pistons, engine valves, gaskets, camshafts, shock-absorbers, struts, steering mechanism, cylinder heads, wheel hubs, brake drums, wheels, bumpers, instruments and instrument panels, gears of all types, radiators, cylinder liners, blinkers, lights, doors and door locks as well as auto crinkle conditioners.Critics say that the local vendor industry though still in the subprogram of cultivation, have not achieved the delegation targets by producing low look components which are not acceptable by the local assemblers, it is express that the Pakistan connector of Automotive Parts & Accessories which represents the auto parts manufacturers have not in a way been fully able to contribute its share to the ripening of this sector. The vendors on their part however put the blame on the insurance insurance makers and partly on the assemblers who have not been encouraging the local vendors as such.On the other hand it is said that the foreign car principals have no justification for their complaints because of the level of their participation in the local vendor industry. Hino trucks, as it was pointed out, have started manufacturing wheel drums locally while Suzuki is still complain about the quality of silencer it received from the local vendors. In the humanity dole out, Automobile Sector is one of the largest segments. It is the major driver of economical growing and business activities in a country.It puts multiplier impacts on the economy. Day-in, day-out around 200,000 vehicles plunk off the introductions assembly lines with car as the prevalent segment of the industry. Evolution of Automobile Industry in Pakistan Automotive industry in Pakistan started in the 1950 and has gone through different phases from be ing a private sector industry in 1950 60s, and becoming a disposal giveled industry in the 1970s thanks to Mr. Bhuttos Nationalization policy, and then reverting back to the private sector from 1980 onward.Currently in Pakistan we have a total of 67 Automobile Manufacturing Units (A. M. U) which include o7 Car A. M. Us o7 Light Commercial Vehicle A. M. Us o2 Jeep A. M. Us o5 transport and Bus A. M. Us o4 Tractor A. M. Us o42 Motorcycle A. M. Us There are approximately 400 vendors doing businesses in the automobile sector. All the Automobile Manufacturing Units in Pakistan are operating under agreement and licensing from countries like Japan, Korea, China and well-nigh from the European Union.Pakistans automobile sector has been registering high harvest judge for the persist four to five years due to the countrys business friendly policies along with lower tariff rates, persistent process in GDP, and per capita income. Globally considered as the mother of all industries, th e automobile industry in Pakistan is unshakable evolving as a robust industry. nigh sub-sectors of this fast growing industry, like motorcycle work, have already achieved economies of eggshell.The level of motorisation in the country has too been rising over the years. In 1998-99, it was three cars per 1000 persons, which has significantly increase to 11 cars per 1000 persons in year 2005-06. The indigenous growth in output signal of motorcycles increased by 25 per cent during year 2005-06, reaching to an all-time high of 520,124 as compared to 106,797 units in the year 1996-97, which accounts for around 380 per cent increase in motorcycle production during the last nine years.Similarly the production of trucks as well as that of buses also saw sufficient increase during the last 10 years. Some 2,994 units of trucks were being produced in the country in 1995-96 which, over the years, have increased to 4,518 units, recording 51 per cent increase in production. In the eluding of buses, the rise in production is more pronounced as compared to that of trucks as their production augmented by around 74 per cent during the last decade or so. The industry has achieved a phenomenal growth of 50.2 percent in Fiscal Year 2004-05 and increased competition has led to the introduction of innovative products as well as a worsening in financing termss. Compared with Pakistan, India has a strong engine room base and has successfully created a sizable capacity for production of vehicles. It enjoys a clear brim over Pakistan in the automobile sector. Indian auto companies are highly cost competitive due to appropriate levels of automation and low cost automation and have achieved a high level of productivity by embracing Japanese purposes and best practices.India is already the second largest two cyclist manufacturer, second largest tractor manufacturer, and fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world and has the fourth largest car market in Asia. The automobile industry in India is now gradually evolving to replicate those of developed countries. Pakistan can import automotive components and spare parts from India at a lower price as presently these items are being imported from the Far East at higher prices. On the other hand, India is expected to benefit from free trade due to its low raw material, electric and labor costs.The two segments of the industry namely Car and Motorcycles have shown remarkable growth over the last five years. The growth in domestic market of cars has risen from 40,601 in year 2001-02 to 126,817 in year 2004-05, which is expected to cross 150,000 units during year 2005-06. This growth is attributed mainly by car financing schemes, improved liquidity locating of certain class as a result of economic growth indicators and other monetary measures. The motorcycles have also shown marvelous growth due to new entrants.The new entrants with fair competition have brought about the availability of cheaper ve hicles in the domestic market. Vendor Industry This industry has the potential for development of entire engineering sector. Development of vendor industries in return assures move out of technologies in nearly all spheres of engineering, specifically, metallurgy, plastics and glass. Technology exists for major engine, suspension and transmission components but due to limited market, prospective entrepreneurs shy away from investment. over 400 vendors are engaged in the production of auto parts locally including tires, sheet metal parts, mirrors, gaskets, engine valves, camshafts, oil pump gears, pistons, radiators, seats, dashboard, and axles. The starting of Pakistans Automobile Industry When Pakistan came appeared on the map of the world, there were incomplete any automobile assembly plants nor were any industrial capabilities available for this sector. However, the development of this industrial sector started soon after the independence. Peace in the country and development planning by government resulted in increased economic growth that sequentially laid the foundation of industry. premiere menstruation 1950 1964 (Start from the Scratch) First serious effort by government to develop the industry and engineering sector in particularly was observed in 1950s when a six-year plan (First Development Plan) was drafted to guide government investment in growing the infrastructure. For auto industry, to overcome the initial difficulties, the government, besides evolution infrastructural facilities established the Pakistan industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) in 1950.The main objective of PIDC was to play the pioneering type of establishing such industries which the private enterprise was unable to undertake either because they were technologically complex, needed large capital, or were less profitable. These steps resulted in growth of the industrial sector recording 56. 62 % growth of the manufacturing sector from year 1949 to 1955. Investment in the automobile industry in Pakistan started in the middle 1950s when Kandawalla Industries established its units for assembling buses and trucks, the callers name was subsequently deviated to NayaDaur Motors.National Motors took the indigenization when it came out in the 1960s and was said to have reached supra 80% delegation of the Bedford lorries and trucks before it closed down. Kandawalla Motors on its part came up with Nishan , a jeep copied on the pattern of Willeys Jeep of USA by the Pakistan Army, it was said that the project was successful but was killed before the commercial production could begin. It may be worth mentioning here that the same blueprint is said to still be in use in Iran till right away but under their own brand name.Second Period 1964 1972 (Progressive Manufacturing) strength of the industry and high demand of the products attracted new entrants whereas the existing players started producing in surge quantities. This mass production that started i n 1964 resulted in the original ever flowing of progressive manufacturing in the history of Pakistan. The idea of progressive manufacturing was first mooted by the Ghandhara Industries and Mack Trucks. The idea was to start local manufacturing with simple and non-functional parts and to bestow more and more complicated parts in small steps. gibe to the planning then done 100% local manufacturing was to be achieved in seven to ten years. Unfortunately, this consequence did not last long as the projects underinterpreted proved to be over ambitious that eventually failed. Clearly the concept of progressive manufacturing has not added much to technology, self-reliance or economy. For example, as against the targets bound of manufacturing 100% of local contents in maximum 10 years, actually achieved delegation in eighteen years is 45. 78% for trucks & buses, 43. 17% for trucks & buses engines, 16. 50% for 44 jeeps and zero percent for cars.Furthermore, no new units for manufacturin g passenger cars, 44 vehicles, LCVs, buses and trucks were established under this concept, but still a few(prenominal) new units for producing tractors, jeeps and specialized vehicle were established. New units established were Atlas Honda, Khawaja Autos, genus Rana Tractors, Jaffar Industries, and Bela Engineers. A more market oriented approach was adapted by Honda motorcycles and Vespa scooters during this period, as they introduced light motorcycles for the first time in a market dominated by enceinte motor bikes like BSA, walk on air and Lamberetta scooters.Third Period 1973 1987 (Nationalization of Industries) Following the progressive manufacturing period, communisation of industries under frugal Reforms order had a profound impact on automobile industry in Pakistan. In early 1972 under Martial Law Regulation, the presidency took over the control of 32 industrial units, including eight automobile plants, under the officially appointed Board of Industrial Management wit h the Minister for yield as its Chairman. The units taken over by the organisation were iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy chemicals, assembly and manufacturers of motor vehicles.The companies gone under nationalization include oWazir Ali engine room oSind Engineering oHyesons Mack Trucks oAli Autos oAwami Autos oRana Tractors oMillat Tractors oHaroonInd/Karachi Autos oRe globe Motors oJaffer Trailer Developers oGhandhara National Motors oKandawala Industries oNayaDaur Initially, the guidance of these industries was taken over by the government, but in August 1973, the President promulgated the Economic Reforms (Amendment) Ordinance after which the Federal Government acquired majority ownership of shares of these industrial units.After nationalization, these units were renamed, their functions were redefined, and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO) was created in 1973 as a holding corporation under the administrative control of the Federal Ministry of Production. ecesi s of PACO In order to manage the automobile units and to advise the Government (in developing policy guidelines for growth and development of auto industry), Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO) was create in 1973 under the administrative control of the Federal Ministry of Production.It was a major public industrial conglomerate of 15 companies including four go ventures. For the first time in Pakistan emphasis was given to develop the nationalized units under local manufacturing facilities and the development of parts in an organized manner and the system of standardization, regulations and supervise was established. This required the industry to assemble from Complete Knock Down (CKD) and then go on to manufacture components and to achieve a local content of 75% over a five year period.A number of small and large industrial units that were mostly functioning in the unorganised sector were channelized into a more formal pattern of production management under the PACO control. The direction for achieving quality standards as laid down by the Principals was also established. The MOI was entrusted the responsibility of allowing any waiver for non-performance, and was applicable if CBR also concurred. Performance under Government Control According to the government resources, the nationalized industries make progress on a wide front.During the year 1973-74, large scale manufacturing sector achieved a growth rate of 7% as compared to 11. 8% achieved during year 1972-73. The performance of automobile and farm equipment group was the best with production recording an increase of 78. 6%, followed by chemicals (30%) and steel and engineering (15. 1%). It can be observed that number of units in almost all areas of automobiles developed in this phase. The distinctive feature of after nationalization period is the assembly of Suzuki range of vehicles (Cars, Pick-up, Vans and Jeeps) and Isuzu Trucks & Buses in the public sector.Awami Autos signed a colligation Vent ure Agreement with Suzuki Motor Co. of Japan and a new company by the Name of Pak Suzuki Motor Co. Ltd was established in 1982 to produce Suzuki range of vehicles at the existing facilities of Awami Autos. PACO also established two units in the public sector namely Baluchistan Wheels and Bolan castings. The performance of PIDC was also excellent under the nationalization reform and it also contributed towards the progressive manufacturing. The performance of PIDC can be evaluated from the fact that by the end of December 1973, PIDC was successful in completing 62 projects at a capital cost of Rs 1,242.6 million. In skirt 1974, 16 industrial projects were transferred to the respective 12 corporations set up by the Federal Government. Including in these projects were Pakistan Machine Tool Factory, Heavy Mechanical interlinking and Heavy Foundry and Forge Projects. Subsequently, the remaining 10 projects under the PIDCs control were also transferred to the Mineral Development Corpora tion. During the year 1972-73, the PIDC-managed projects and companies produced goods worth Rs. 470. 5 million as compared to Rs. 446. 6 million in 1971-72.Fourth Period 1987-95 (Privatization on Industries) The policy of de-nationalizing public sector units was adopted once the change in government took place. Privatization brought in foreign companies. This resulted in a number of joint ventures. Due to these ventures, Pakistan auto industry entered into assembly/progressive manufacturing of passenger cars, commercial vehicles and motorcycles. Once the new management of cars and motorcycle assemblers took over the control they entered into joint ventures with foreign companies mostly Japanese, for further development.Most important joint venture that took place was of Atlas with Honda and Indus Motor with Toyota. Similarly, NayaDaur which after discontinuation of AMC-Jeep dealership had become a mere vendor to Pak Suzuki (assembling Suzuki Jeeps) was sold to Tawakal group. Under the Government de-nationalization policy NayaDaur entered into Joint Venture with Kia Motors of Korea and started assembling Kia Ceres Pickups and Kia Pride Cars. The process of privatization is still on and fortunately every government has adopted the policy of privatization and opening of the markets to foreign investment.Although, process is on but still many object that this process is not crystal clear and has many defraud comings. Major Players in Pakistans Automobile Industry oPak Suzuki Company Ltd. oSuzuki Motorcycles Pakistan Ltd. oAtlas Honda Ltd. oIndus Motors Compay Ltd. oDewan Farooque Motors Ltd. oDawood Yamaha Ltd. oSigma Motors (Pvt. ) Ltd. oHinoPak Motors Ltd. oGhandhara Industries Ltd. oSind Engineering Ltd. oVPL Limited. oMaster Motor Corporation Ltd. oAl-Ghazi Tractors Ltd. oMillat Tractors Ltd.

Qatar’s Struggle to Reduce Traffic Accidents

QATARS STRUGGLE TO REDUCE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Submitted To Dr. Michael Long hear January 25, 2006 Date Sunday, January 25, 2006 ToDr. Michael Long Instructor CM 2300 Report Writing Subject imposing Report on transaction disasters in Qatar I am submitting the prone report, entitled Qatars Struggle to Reduce Traffic Accidents, in agreement with the requirements for the CM2300 Report Writing course. The report c e precisewheres background material concerning social intercourses possibilitys and its implications for decree. Traffic virgules atomic number 18 considered one of the roughly important reasons of death in the Gulf.This melodic theme examines possible practical approaches Qatar may consider, or is considering, in efforts to degrade the subjoin number of craft accidents. This paper discusses various aspects of public canaliseation puzzles in capital of Qatar, Qatar, and presents a proposal for reducing the risks, as well as penalizing drivers who atomic numbe r 18 consistently involved in accidents. Research for this assignment was completed largely through the use of Internet where g all all overnment publications and newspaper articles were easily accessible. Sincerely, dishearten OF CONTENTS 1. 0 Introduction. . 1. 1 Thesis Statement. . 5 1. 2 Background.. 5 1. 2. 1 Road Traffic Accidents6 1. 2. 2 Fatality grade.. 7 1. 2. 3 Traffic over-crowding.. 12 2. 0 Causes. .. 14 2. 1 Construction Boom. . . 14 2. 2 C argon slight Driving. 14 2. 3 Stress. 15 3. 0 Effects.. . 16 3. 1 Increased Insurance Rates. 16 3. 2 Increased Fatality Rates.. .. 16 4. 0 Problems of Reducing Traffic Accidents . . 17 5. 0 Conclusion. .. . 18 5. 1 Future Plans from the Government 18 5. 2 Recommendations.. .. . 21 6. 0 References. 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS pulp 1 Graph. 8 build 2 Graph 9 formula 3 Graph 10 Figure 4 T able-bodied11 Figure 5 Road Accident.. 3 Figure 6 Installation of Radar19 Figure 7 Installed Radar. 20 SUMMARY The purpose of this report is to light upon the reasons why employment accidents be so senior high school in this expanse of the world, and to determine the possible impact that they can stand on society and humanity. This report discusses the pay backs and effects of affair accidents in Qatar and discusses possible solutions to minimize them. afterwardwards examining specific data, it is evident that commerce accidents account for the most number of deaths in Qatar. They quell to evolve and pose a threat to society.In order of magnitude for Qatar to reduce this menace, the following recommendations incur been suggested (1) Public education and aw atomic number 18ness, (2) Dedicated commerce irresponsible bodys, (3) Penalizing drivers who are consistently involved in accidents, (4) Installation of radars throughout the study highways in Qatar, and (5) Increasing the fees on fines for breaking the concern law existence Traffic accidents are non further a serious line of work in Qatar, only if all over the world. Countries in the Western Europe, normality America and the Middle East permit ack flatledged the fact that lane accidents are a major cause of death and injury.While some spate compute that traffic accidents are not a serious problem today, consider these statistics. In 2002, while the death prise in Qatar delinquent to cancer was only 10. 6%, the mortality station imputable to traffic accidents stood at a whopping 40%, according to Ministry of Public health statistics. (Al Binali, 2004). I was shocked when I discovered that in Great Britain, over ? 1 billion is spent each class on a wide range of track safety measures. (Jacobs, 1986) 1. 1 THESIS description High construction activity, poor driver education, inefficient policing, and the round most system are the causes of Dohas soaring accident problems.Without a straightlaced traffic management system in bulge out, traffic accidents bequeath continue to rise in Qatar. 1. 2 BACKGROUND The following three sections digest background information on traffic accidents, beginning with the history of route traffic accidents and fate judge, followed by how traffic congestion is increase the problem. 1. 2. 1 ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are increasingly macrocosm recognized as a threat to society and the batch of Qatar. Qatar, which drives most of it economy on oil, has a precise high amount of vehicles on its paths.Due to the construction savage, there has been a high influx of immigrants and workers, resulting in an increase in vehicle numbers, accompanied by regularly expanding road constructions. old studies have sh bear that urgency pass judgment in Qatar are more high than in the beneathdeveloped countries. The number of accident casualties in Qatar has risen to 40,000 per annum, which is a 17% increase in the number of casualties for 2004 compared to those of 2003 90% of such casualties are linked to road traffic accidents. (Al Musleh, 2005). Lets stick a look at a case.On March 20, 2003, Sugathadasa Atapattu, 56, was taking a promenade after dinner in conquertown Doha when he was knocked atomic pile by a rush vehicle. Atapattu was taken to hospital where he place down unconscious for three months. He regained consciousness later but re of imported bed-ridden and disconnected his speech. His son came here and took him back home late move year after he spent virtually eight months in the hospital. At home too, he remains bed-ridden. (Pandit, 2004) You can imagine the impact on Atapattus life just because of one un improve gondolaeless driver. Atapattu world power be bed-ridden all his life, for no mistake of his own.He was just taking a walk and got discharge. What did he do to cause this accident? Nothing, but he still has to bear the consequences all his life. 1. 2. 2 FATALITY RATES Figure 1 shows the fatality rates per 10,000 vehicles licensed. As you can observe, developing countries suc h as Ethiopia, Nigeria and Kenya have the highest fatality rates. Qatar approximately has a fatality rate of 20 per 10000 vehicles Figure 2 uses an alternative approach and shows the fatality rates per 10,000 persons. Using this measure of death rate, a completely various order of ranking is obtained.As you can all the way observe, Qatar is on the top of the order of ranking. Poor countries such as Ethiopia, India, Niger and Pakistan now appear at the pervade of the order of ranking. Figure 3 shows the relationship in the midst of fatality rate (per 10000 vehicles) and vehicle ownership in developed and developing countries. It is clearly observed that as the number of vehicles increase, the number of fatalities decrease. This is a very speak scenario to what one would think. One would think that as number of vehicles increase, number of fatalities should increase.But, this is not the case because we forget to take into fact the commonwealth increase of cars and its relation t o the number of accidents. As the population of cars increases, the risk of accidents decreases because there is no blank shell for a driver to drive fast and cause accidents. Therefore, number of fatalities decrease, as observed. http//www. transport-links. org/transport_links/ institutionalisearea/publications/1_603_PA1164_1986. pdf http//www. transport-links. org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_603_PA1164_1986. pdf http//www. transport-links. rg/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_603_PA1164_1986. pdf http//www. psychology. nottingham. ac. uk/staff/dec/references/Bener(2005)%20-%20 Advances%20in%20TranStudies. pdf Figure 4 shows a comparability of road accident fatalities in 2 developed countries UK and USA and 2 developing countries UAE and Qatar, in the year 2000. The table lays out the number of motor vehicle deaths and the number of cars in each country. It likewise shows the death rates per 100,000 population and per 100,000 vehicles. Qatar has the second high est fatality rates after the UAE.But both developing countries have generally higher death rates than the developed countries. 1. 2. 3 TRAFFIC CONGESTION Road conditions are generally better in most Gulf states than an some other(prenominal) developing countries, but hazardous hotheaded is common especially on highways. As a result, fatality rates due to traffic accidents are much higher here than other developing countries when compared with vehicle ownership. Most families in the more developed countries own their own car. The car gives people greater mobility and improves their access to places where they work, shop, are educated or find recreation.However, it is the widespread use of the car that is increasing traffic congestion in most cities. It is one of the most serious transport issues relating to cities all over the world. It is a recent problem in Doha but is much less worse than traffic problems in cities akin Tokyo or Beijing. Insufficient transport systems and natu ral increase have made Qatars traffic problems one of the worst in the Gulf. roads have been built long back, at a measure when population was very low. As population is increasing, roads are becoming less capable to contain high amount of cars.They are not intentional for the volume of traffic today. Accidents and traffic jams are very often crackn on roundabouts and traffic lights (See Figure 5). Figure 5 A photograph of an accident at the Toyota junction. pic http//www. gulf-times. com CAUSES The following three sections provide detailed information about some causes of traffic accidents. 2. 1 CONSTRUCTION BOOM The construction boom in Qatar has led to many problems in the traffic scenario of Qatar. Regular road blocks and diversions are seen everywhere, resulting in traffic snarls. When a road is blocked, all cars are diverted to another road.That road may not be able to cope up with such a high number of cars. Sometimes, cars are filled on roads from one junction to another , blocking routes for other cars on the junction. This results in absolute mayhem and chaos. Everyone wants to reach office or drop their kids to school on time. So, they take upon themselves, to swerve through traffic as they deem correct. They enter roads which have no entry signs, they cut through traffic by control in the pose lanes or they drive on the footpaths. This causes major traffic accidents where most of the time more than one car is involved.I have seen 3 accidents at the uniform time, on just 1 stretch of road, which led to staggeringly high amount of traffic. Basically, one thing leads to another. 2. 2 CARELESS DRIVING regardless driving is identified as the most important factor in traffic accidents, accounting for over 35% of all incidents, while lush promote is known as the second most common cause. (Bener, 2005). sight who drive carelessly and dont abide by the traffic laws are a nuisance on the roads. They dont chink on traffic lights, uninteresting cro ssings or on road correspond signs. They constantly change lanes and confuse others as well as themselves.This causes sloppiness to others and they might bang their car into another. 2. 3 STRESS Everyone is stressed in life. If someone has financial problems, another has family problems. A husband has just had a fight with his wife or a youngster has just baffled up with his girlfriend. A parent is chthonic stress to get his barbarian to school on time. In all these situations, the driver is driving under so much stress that he cannot give full concentration on the road. I would like to include here an example about myself. Recently, my father died an untimely death due to a cardiac arrest. long time after this incident, I went out to buy some grocery nigh and I had a terrible accident. I hit a car and injured the other driver. I recall no memory of seeing that car or of the accident. All I know is that I hit a car. This was all due to the stress and tension I was under. I was so stressed about the problems in my life that I wasnt concentrating on the road at all therefore I didnt notice this car approaching me and hit it head-on. There are several(prenominal) cases out there like these, where stress overcomes the driver and they lose underwrite of the situation. It is known as one of the major causes of accidents in recent times.Stress accounts for an estimated 12. 8m illogical working days a year in Britain and costs businesses at least $4bn. It is difficult to measure how much of this can be shake off down to commuting, but in one study 44% of drivers named rush-hour traffic as the most stressful aspect of their lives. (Hall, 2006) EFFECTS 3. 1 change magnitude INSURANCE RATES A whole lot of indemnity companies have increased their insurance rates and the amount of paperwork, due to the alarming rise in the number of accidents. Some insurance companies even had to shut down some of their branches, because they couldnt bear the losses.The spec ie an insurance provider has to pogey out in claims for death and injuries as well as vehicle repairs in accidents run into millions of riyals. One such insurance provider give tongue to it lost QR2. 2m in the first half(prenominal) of 2005 due to compensation habituated in cases of accident-related deaths and injuries. (, 2005). So, just because of mistakes of others, innocent drivers have to face higher insurance rates. 3. 2 INCREASED FATALITY RATES Statistics suggest there were 840 road accidents in January 2003 with the number going up to 1,173 in January this year.In February 2003, road accidents totalled 675 but in February 2005, the figure reached 1,086. (, 2005). As the number of accidents is rising, the number of fatalities is rising also. umteen people are dying because of traffic accidents. Some die due to mistakes of others too. A speeding car may hit a pedestrian and kill them for no mistake of their own. In 2004, 165 people died in road accidents with 79 per cent of the victims being in the age meeting of 11- 40 and 35 per cent being pedestrians. In 2005, 125 people were killed on the roads. (Bibbo, 2005) PROBLEMS OF REDUCING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSProblems of reducing traffic accidents are many. Firstly, youngsters amid the age group of 16-24 have a tendency to drive very fast. It is an ego problem. They think they have to drive fast to look settle down and show off. I can say this because it partly relates to me. No amour how much they are taught, they bequeath continue to drive fast. Even though public awareness is apparent, it is not enough, because they do not truly work the consequences. Even if they are involved in an accident, they shrug it off as a mistake from the past and continue doing the same, until an accident does not take their life. plainly if they can practically see the effect of some horrible accidents, and only if they themselves go through a rough time, then they will exculpate what their actions can do to society. Se condly, punishments are not enough. There are only minimal fines on breaking the traffic law. Other than that, there are no other punishments given to troublesome drivers. Thats why no one understands the problem because for them it is not a problem at all. No one goes around killing people because they know the punishment for carrying out is death. Therefore, if punishments are increased for breaking traffic rules, then they will enlighten it as a problem hey should not cause and will release cautious drivers. Lastly, fines are too low. There is only a meagre fine of QR200 on breaking the speed limit. Local Qataris are very rich and they get off by paying small fines. nonrecreational money is not a big deal for them. You can see cars with 10 fine stickers on them, because they dont care. They can both pay it off from their large bank accounts, or call their friends in the traffic police and get the fines cancelled. CONCLUSION No matter how much one tries to parry an accident , it is evident that when an accident has to happen, it will happen.If one knew that an accident is going to take place then surely one would avoid it. But, what is in our hands is our safety. We can not avoid accidents but at least we can make sure that we are properly lively for the situation. 5. 1 FUTURE PLANS FROM THE GOVERNMENT The Ministry has said that Qatar plans to spend over QR1bn over the next three years for the expansion and improvement of its road network, tutelage in the view the rapid pace of urbanisation and population growth. Their main concern will be on replacing all major roundabouts in and outside Doha with modern traffic junctions.Tenders for the TV, Midmac, Al Ahli and passing game roundabouts have been released around 3 years ago and work has already started on some and some are already finished. I think this is appropriate because all the above roundabouts are the very congested roundabouts of Doha. Only congested roundabouts should be changed into traff ic junctions because it costs a lot of money to change a roundabout into a traffic signal. Previously denote plans of constructing five flyovers and interchange overpasses in and around Doha to cope with increasing volumes of traffic by the start of the new millennium are underway.There are five interchange overpasses in Qatar at present. New radar systems are also being installed to catch drivers jumping traffic lights or speeding (See Figures 6 & 7). Plans are afoot to install 101 radars and cameras all over Qatar to check traffic violations and accidents. 53 mobile radar cabins and 48 cameras are to be installed at traffic signals over the next six months, which would go a long way in ensuring road safety. (Al Malki, 2005) Figure 6 This is a photograph of traffic policemen setting up radar inspection equipment by the side of roads in Doha. pic http//www. ulf-times. com Figure 7 This is a new radar camera installed to detect those who jump traffic lights at the Ramada junction i n Doha. pic http//www. gulf-times. com Several amendments to the traffic law will now impose stiffer penalties including jail terms on unscrupulous motorists. Violators of the traffic rules will face fines from QR6,000 up to QR12,000 and jail terms between one and six months. Driving without a valid number plate, without a licence or engaging in racing and jumping traffic signals, will also be considered serious violations which will carry a fine.The measures are the last in a number of initiatives by governmental bodies that aim to curb the death cost on the road. (Bibbo, 2005) The law prescribes a fine of QR200 for a motorist using a mobile phone while driving. A hands-free set can, however, be used. A similar fine is to be oblige on motorists watching TV while driving. People making children under 10 years of age sit in the front of a vehicle are to be fined QR200 too. (Al Dosri, 2005) 5. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS A fully computerized traffic control system needs to be put in place a system which automatically notes out drivers that are a danger to society.Radars have to be put in place, not only on signals, but also on roads, to catch drivers driving above speed limits. Any driver caught 3 times on radar should have his license revoked for a temporary period. Drivers who are often a cause of accidents should be blacklisted and monitored. These are some ways accidents can be reduced. wearing a seat belt while driving, concentrating totally on driving and nothing else, and following all driving regulations will ensure our safety. In any case of an accident, police and medical authorities have to be prepared also.We can ensure this by following few of these ideas 1. study police and medical staff in first aid and handling traffic injuries. 2. Equipping ambulances with state-of-the-art equipment. 3. Improving hospital emergency populate and facilities 4. Training medical staff to handle injuries at a ram site as well as in hospitals 5. Improving coordination b etween police, emergency response teams and medical services Movement of heavy certificate of indebtedness vehicles should be restricted on the roads to minimize traffic accidents. The traffic police have advanced the morning peak hours by half an hour to start from 6am, instead of 6. 0am now. The morning peak hours would be from 6am to 8am, and in the afternoon from 12. 30pm to 2pm, same as now. During the peak hours, movement of heavy-duty vehicles and machinery will be banned from city roads. (Marafia, 2004) This will come as a benefit to office-going public and schoolchildren. REFERENCES Al Binali, D. H. (2004). Roads take higher toll than cancer Minister. The Peninsula. Retrieved Jan 02, 2006, from http//www. thepeninsulaqatar. com/Display_news. asp? section=local_news&month=june2004&file=local_news2004062023618. xml Jacobs, G. D. (1986, Jul 14).Road accident fatality rates. Retrieved Dec 24, 2005, from http//www. transport-links. org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_60 3_ PA1164_1986. pdf Al Musleh, D. A. (2005). Road traffic accidents, second killer after cardiovascular disease. Retrieved Dec. 26, 2005, from http//www. hmc. org. qa/enews. asp? id=216 Pandit, M. (2004). Lankan accident victim gets QR562,000 in damages . The Peninsula. Retrieved Jan 06, 2006, from http//www. thepeninsulaqatar. com/Display_ news. asp? section=local_news&month=july2004&file=local_news20040712325 29. xml Bener, A. & Crundall, D. (2005, Apr 15).Road traffic accidents in the UAE compared to western countries. Advances in Transportation Studies, Retrieved Jan 20, 2006, from http//www. psychology. nottingham. ac. uk/staff/dec/references/Bener (2005)%20-%20Advances%20in%20TranStudies. pdf Insurance firms shut down branches at QTIC premises. (2005). The Peninsula. Retrieved Dec 16, 2005, from http//www. thepeninsulaqatar. com/Display_news. asp? section=local_news&month=september2005&file=local_news2005090421520. xml Al Malki, C. M. (2005). much radars to detect traffic vio lations. The Peninsula. Retrieved Dec 18, 2005, from http//www. hepeninsulaqatar. com/Display_news. asp? section=local_news&month=march2005&file=local_news2005031525951. xml Bibbo, B. (2005). Qatar includes jail terms in amendments to traffic law. Gulf News. Retrieved Jan 08, 2006, from http//archive. gulfnews. com/articles/05/09/20/182668. hypertext mark-up language Hall, T. (2006). How not to drive yourself mad. The Weekend, p. 61. Al Dosri, B. (2005). New traffic rules come into force. The Peninsula. Retrieved Jan 23, 2006, from http//www. thepeninsulaqatar. com/Display_news. asp? section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=October2005&file=Local_News2005102633414. xml picpicpic

Atmospheric Pollution

Firstly, we mustiness question How does pushover befoulment arrive? To understand this, unmatchable is required to recognise the mans surroundings. Life is totally pendent upon the blanket of mixed gases referred to as air surrounding our thinket earth. This air is, approximately, a five hundred kilometre thick1 composite layer of colourless, odourless gasses that surrounds the earth kept in place by gravitational forces. Due to its nonphysical form, it is of 10 ignored by man, making it vulnerable and easily alter (this incident being highlighted by a sizable go of disasters ca physical exercised, effectively, by man). The political and scientific debate on the so called Greenhouse Effect is base on de n angiotensin converting enzyme oer increasing atmospheric levels of gondola carbon dioxide resulting from flame of fossil go offs and emissions of opposite Greenhouse Gases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as methane (from decomposing waste), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxides (NOx).The activities of gentleman sapiens take introduced these new chemicals into the atmosphere and disturbed the distri lock awayion of its indispensable constituents. At scratch, this was limited to the effect of the fireplace, only later, with the greatly expanded role of char, these effects grew more a have it awaye. And, after the Indetritusrial Revolution, these effects were compounded. As ordain be made clear, this revolution reached such a point that consequences began to be regarded more than except an infallible residue of industrialisation and the struggle for frugal growth.1.1Secondly, in order to intertwine the higher up development with the issue at hand, it may be necessary to ask oneself, what is milieual police force, who is using it and for what purposes? These questions argon being posed, as it is imperative to understand the background of the subject, non just for this subtopic in purlieual law, but whatso ever top ic, before entering it in any depth. Environmental law is first and fore close, a combination of prime regulation2, secondary legislation3 (which go forth be explained in more depth passim the regorge), judicial decisions, common law prescripts, European club legislation4 which impose an tariff on members states to enact legislation to give effect to the terms of the Directive5 which atomic issue 18 transposed into national law (as regulations), European treaties and internationalistic law (found in treaties, conventions and protocols).1.2The foremost function of environmental law is not, as many would imagine, to whole eliminate befoulment altogether, but rather, to allow, or balance taint levels with the gains we, as a society receive from economic growth. This phenomenon, kat oncen most oft as sustainable development is one that will be referred to date and time again in any environmental law topic. Sustainable developments widely accepted definition is to be f ound in the 1987 Bruntland Report Our usual Future (the report for the World Commission on Environmental breeding 1987). It statesdevelopment that knock againsts the needs of the endue without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.In layman terms, what this report was recommending, or advising the inhabitants of this earth to do, was to use our resources on the planet in such a expressive style, so as not to jeopardise the way in which it can be employ by others in those socio-economic classs after us. A classic exemplification highlighting the necessity of sustainable development is that of the Communist regimes, such in Poland, in which they favoured production and economic development over protection of the environment. In brief, economic growth will lead to changes in the environment. If this growth is not harborled/governed, it can lead to an ugly and dangerous environment. One could be as bold as to say that obviously, the overridi ng con caseration of any technical enterprise is the betatenance and expansion of profit.To achieve this, one tactic is to minimize prices and this can occur by reviewing methods of disposal of unwanted materials. If discharging these wastes into the atmosphere represents the cheapest way of accomplishing this, then the industry will produce a satisfying inclination to adopt this strategy. The costs of disposal do not melt when befoulment is emitted into the atmosphere, and as has been discovered, the society will eventually end up gainful far greater costs. in that respectfore, it is the governings of each nation must ingest limits to benefit both the environment and economic growth. This is often referred to as anthroprecantic7 and most law is based on it.As it was eventually assessed (with regards to the situation in Poland) that their lack of annoyance for the environment in which they inhabited was, in effect, the mind for their poor economic patterned advance. It was to a fault noted that their Gross Domestic harvesting (GDP) was less than those countries who followed the anthroprecantic system. This perhaps is the most precise example of how the environment walkovers such a big factor on our lives, not just for our wellness, but withal for the development of our respective countries. (After all, it is the aspiration of each and any politics nation to become wealthy and prosperous economic development is at the heart of each nation). In consummationing towards sustainable development, whether in capacious terms or looking at one exceptional horizon such as air musical note, a number of basic concepts must guide action. These concepts have been understandably outlined in a number of governmental papers8. Within the United states bigly secular and pragmatic society, it seems inevitable that taint is view in an economic context.2.0The industrial revolution was the master(prenominal) cause of such concern over the environment. Before this time, environmental law in England and Wales was characterised by a parochial focus on localized befoulment bothers9. Such problems date back to the early uses of coal in domestic fires. The production of fumes and particulates from fires caused pulmonary infections and related lung diseases. Notwithstanding this effect, coal continued to be used. In 1661, John Evelynpublished his famous work on air taint in city atomic number 18as, Fumi Fugiumi, which not still outlined the problems that atmospheric contamination from smoke caused, but also, more importantly, act to rede methods by which the problem could be resolved.After this period, much legislation was passed addressing circumstantial problems in this area of law, for example, atmospheric pollution from chemical industries and unclean modes of exaltation, piddle pollution and the regulation of statutory nuisance.2.1Very few areas of the United Kingdom are safe from air pollution. pollution levels excee d Government health standards all over the country on many days every year, even in rural areas. It is uncorrectable to assess exactly the concern of air pollution on public health. However the government itself express that the Department of Healths latest assessment is that air pollution is at present responsible each year for several thousand advanced deaths for ten to twenty thousand hospital admissions, and for many thousands of instances of illness, reduced activity, distress and self-consciousness10. It was also assessed that short-term episodes cause between 12,700 and 19,500 premature deaths in the UK a year11. And three years prior to this, it was estimated12 that short-term pollution episodes were responsible for between 12,000 and 24,000 deaths per year. These figures have put new pres reliable on the Government to to the full support the Road Traffic step-down Bill13, from Cynog Dafis MP.Over 400 Members of fantan are supporting the principles of the Bill, which r equires the government to produce a national plan to cutting off alley traffic from 1990 levels by 5% by the year 2005 and 10% by the year 2010. As can be imagined, way transport is a major source of air pollution in the UK. Five of the give away pollutants are particulates (fine dust and soot particles PM), carbon monoxide (CO), north oxides (NOx), benzene and hydrocarbons (HCs). After more than half a century of under-investment in Britain, roads are the most congested in Europe14. However, k nowadaysing that transport is the cornerstone of modern society, yet it is responsible for poor air graphic symbol in many urban centres around the creative activity, what is at that place that can be done about its damaging effect on our environment?There are increasing concerns about the impact of traffic exhaust emissions on the health of citizens who are exposed to the high concentrations of pollutants, plus the wider ball- regularized implications. order is helping clean up vehicles and fuel, but there is a meaning(a) time lag while the vehicle stock is being replaced. In the interim, mechanisms could to be introduced that accelerate the replacement of vehicles or improve the existing stock.2.2In the UK such a concept has taken the form of Low run Zones, which aim to restrict the use of the most polluting vehicles from specific areas in an urban environment. In Sweden, a similar concept has been in operation since 1996 whereby environmental standards are specified for heavy vehicles entering the central area of the main cities. The government has also new-fashionedly piece health standards for eight key pollutants. For these pollutants it has also set policy targets to be reached by the year 2005. concourse these targets will need action locally, across the country and internationally. The Environment identification number 1995 set up a system known as Local pains Quality Management through which local authorities will play a major part in red ucing pollution levels.2.3If we are to meet the Governments targets for air pollution, then pollution from traffic must be cut drastically. There are two main ways to do this Traffic reduction cutting the volume of traffic on the roads. A number of environmental organisations are supporting the Road Traffic Reduction Act (which is now law) and the Road Traffic Reduction (UK Targets) Bill. This Bill, which is currently in Parliament as a Private Members Bill, aims to cut traffic levels nationally by 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010. Greener cars making sure that cars pollute as little as is possible. This is achieved through tightening engine technology and fuel quality standards. These standards are set at a European level15.2.4Although the above issues are on the face of it simple, everyone does not welcome the manner in which they will be utilise. For example, There are a vast number in opposition to the government increasing revenue enhancementes on fuel, and in one fussy instance , it was stated by a former chairman of a lobbying institution, that if Gordon cook growings his fuel taxes, he will see the aforementioned(prenominal) situation as he saw in Autumn 2000 where there was a great number of protests and havoc was caused around Britain16 This threat was reinforced by a totally independent party, viz. the Petrol Retailers Association, who warned if taxes on motor fuels are increased, petrol forecourts will close17. With statistics and threats such as those raised, it is difficult to advise what the government can do to aid the situation.The Liberal populist party also showed its urgency when it released a statement highlighting its concern that the Chancellor of the Exchequer must freeze fuel taxes in existing terms for the lifetime of this Parliament. The party also called for a sliding scale of car tax emissions, so that consumers with polluting vehicles paying high duties, and those with the most environmentally friendly, paying nothing18. And , in support of this plea, it was stated, by The Confederation of British Industry, that they would be impress and disappointed if there was a real increase in fuel duties2.5The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, who is behind many of the more noticeable environmental issues with regards to London stated in his manifesto that he aims to put the environment at the heart of London government and provide for comprehensive environmental assessment and monitoring of all strategies which the Mayor is required to produce19. In improver to this, the Mayor said that he will aim to reduce road traffic by 15% by 201020. In favour of this aim, recent figures suggest that the UKs emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being reduced21 and in addition, greenhouse gases are also being reduced. However, as stated previously, with the correction of specific pollution problems, comes an uplift of other hazards, such as in this case, the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and recent de velopments in the electricity market suggest problematic situations.3.0All cheeks of environmental law have a domestic, European and international dimension to them. For example, if one lives in a country where there are dangerous waste materials being transported thorough, the government of transporting town will ensure that the standard of safety provided is of a standard expected on a international level. These precautions must be taken in any environmental situation as will be discovered through this assignment. The influence of international law on the regulation of air pollution has been significant. This may be in recognition of the fact that many of the problems caused by air pollution can have impacts across a large geographical area (and in many cases cause seriously globular effects). There have been a number of areas where international law has helped to shape policies and rules on both a domestic and European level.Therefore, with regards to our particular topic, atmo spheric pollution in England is regulated, not only by domestic bodies, but moreover, on a European and global level. The problems related to air pollution are by no means a new phenomenon. The prohibitions on certain activities producing smoke are probably the first instances of environment pollution legislation in the United Kingdom, and legislation dates back to 1863 with the Alkali Act, humanity Health Act 1875 and 1936, Public Health ( great deal Abatement) Act 1926 and the Clean blood Act (CAA) 1956. The first modern piece of legislation combating air pollution, namely the Alkali Act, represented the culmination of a long period of dissatisfaction with environmental conditions, especially in London. For example, in 1819, an M.P had written,The volumes of smoke which issues from the furnaces on every side of the river Thames opposite my own house actually blacken every prime I have in my own garden in Whitehall22Until the CAA 1956 was introduced, the government of Britain ha s had a large amount of difficulty in tackling the problems of atmospheric pollution. Nowadays, the 3 main pollution controls in Britain (which will be clearly explained in detail in), are the coordinated Pollution Control (IPC)23 and Integrated Pollution and Control (IPPC), the Clean Air Act (CAA)24 1993 (a consolidation of the CAA 1956 and CAA 1968), and the controls relating to vehicle emissions. In addition to these, the Environmental Act 1995 25(EA 1995) instinctively plays a large role, as it does in all environmental issues.3.1Having discussed the topic of environmental law, recapped on the history of atmospheric pollution, and established that there is a need for change, it is now necessary to discuss and evaluate the measures and changes which have been made, by domestic, European and international governments along with a vast number of very influential imperativeness groups. The main three are (mentioned in section )a) The Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)26 and Integr ated Pollution and Control (IPPC) license based controls relating to a range of highly polluting industries detailed in part1 of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 1999.b) The criminal sanction based controls over the emission of smoke and other particulate matter from chimneys and furnaces detailed in the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1993.c) Controls relating to vehicle emissions. These controls encompass engine expertness standards, the chemical composition of fuels, the mandatory use of catalytic converters, eco-taxes, price differentials between different types of fuel and the use of traffic management powers.27. The aforementioned controls are an enhancement made by the Environmental Act 1995.3.2The CAA 1993 concentrates on the control of emissions on smoke, dust and grit by means of criminal offences. The main offences are, emissions of dark smoke from a chimney or from industrial premises, emissions of dust and grit from non-domestic f urnaces, emissions of smoke from a chimney in a Smoke Control Area and various other offences relating to the installation of furnaces. Having stated earlier, atmospheric pollution is not merely a domestic issue, the involvement of Europe is curiously highlighted with the great many directives established. Since 1993, when the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union (EU) amend the Treaty of Rome, Articles 130r 130t of the EC Treaty have provided the legal basis for Community environmental law.Specifically, under Article 130r (2), environmental policy is guided by four principles the precautionary, the polluter-pays principle, the integration principle, and the source principle. Moreover, the aforementioned Article further provides that a directive or regulation may include a apology clause, which allows Member States to take any appropriate measure to protect the environment in case of emergency28.European Community (EC) measures to curb air pollution can be divided into differe nt categories. Emissions from industrial plants whereby the most important directive is the Large Combustion Plant Directive (88/609/EEC). In addition to this, Directives 89/369/EEC (dealing with emissions from incineration plants, and Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC) which was implemented into national law in 1999 are the most important directives regarding Emissions from industrial plants. Another category is that of Air pollution affecting the ozone layer and global warming in which EC regulations 3322/88, 591/91 and 549/91 which have verboten CFCs and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), respectively. Air quality standards have been inputted in Air Quality exemplar Directives (96/62/EC) and 99/30/EC. As can be seen, the EC has implemented a large number of directives, however, what is not apparent from the information given, is which have been implemented in British national law. The EC also concentrates on vehicle emission standards, product quality standards and atmospheric pollution and w aste reduction29.4.0As an evaluation, it is necessary to view the opinions and publications of specialised bodies that thrive to ever improve the environment, such as Green Peace and Friends of the Earth. However, when consulting such sources, one is required to acknowledging the great possibilities of biasness, in order to assess the contribution these measures and policies have made on the atmospheric pollution levels in Britain. Regarding one particular publication issued by Friends of the Earth, it was stated, that by using government data and methods to channelize an Air Quality Indicator for 1999 established that air quality is still very poor.The calculation shows, for key monitoring sites around Britain, the average number of days on which air pollution levels were above the Governments air quality standard. John Prescott called it a key quality of life indicator. It was also stated that road traffic is the major source of air pollution in the UK, which is responsible for 4 8% of UK emissions of nitrogen dioxide, 26% of particles, 2% of sec dioxide and 74% of carbon monoxide. Ozone is a secondary pollutant, produced by reactions between nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons. Road traffic is responsible for 38% of UK emissions of hydrocarbons. In this report, it was stated that the serving of pollution produced by road traffic would be significantly higher in towns and cities.4.1The ( immature) Labour government took office in 1997 promising to be the first truly green Government ever and to put concern for the environment at the heart of policy making. There have been real achievements. In Labours first term, both Tony Blair and John Prescott led international efforts to agree the Kyoto accordance to fight climate change. Labour committed the UK to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, the most significant climate changing gas, by 20% by 2010. Despite Tony Blairs very close relationship with the United States, he is still prepared to criticise President Bush for reneging on this treaty and attempting to undermine support for it from other states.Gordon Brown overcame considerable hostility from the personal credit line lobby to introduce the Climate Levy, which has begun to give industry clear incentives to cut emissions. Unfortunately, this is where achievements tend to become more difficult to establish. Early in Labours first term, Chancellor Gordon Brown took important steps to implement the basic principle of green taxation, that tax should be raised on polluting and environmentally baneful behaviour, with the revenues used to pay for green initiatives and to cut taxes on employment. But New Labour has now simply surrendered to the fuel tax protestors, and abandoned the mathematical operation of gradually raising fuel duty to ensure that the cost of drive more accurately reflects the environmental damage it causes. And in his last Budget, Brown put employers National Insurance contributions back up again, increasing the cost of labour and discouraging job creation.304.2Ultimately, it appears that any capitalist miserliness must face the full scale of any atmospheric pollution problem presented by their production. As stated in 1.2, a capitalist economy focuses on survival of the fittest to ensure its own self preservation. Eventually, if the exhaustion of natural resources is approached, a capitalist economy will have to modify its own behaviour to guarantee its own survival, for it requires these resources to continue its existence. It appears as thoughwe are, environmentally, liveness in a vicious circle, whereby our deterrent measures are preventing one particular problem, but at the same time, causing a problem of a different nature. It is only when that problem becomes apparent to public knowledge that it begins to be tackled. It appears, from methods undertaken before, for the protection of the environment that we may be preventing the condition of our earth from deteriorating to such a dismal po int. Our structural interventions in capitalist economy do not appear without merit, albeit sometimes unnoticeable.4.3It was stated by Al Gore31 in his book Earth in the Balance Modern industrial civilisation is colliding violently with our planets ecological system. We inherited Eden and are leaving our children a downcast rubbish tip32. However, on a global scale, this appears not to be, in my opinion, the case. Having researched this project for a number of months, one can honestly believe that environmentally, things are acquiring better. Although issues are still to be found on a daily basis in any newspaper one picks up, the fact remains that things are acquire better or are getting worse, at a slower rate than they were previously.4.3Air pollution is not a new phenomenon that has been getting worse and worse, but an old phenomenon that has been getting better and better, leaving London cleaner than it has been since the Middle Ages.33 Having evaluated governmental policie s and researched air pollution, foremost in Britain, one would hope that this statement can now be conclusively agree, or disagreed with. Evidently, the system in which the British government takes actions often referred to as the sectoral approach34 means that whilst our nation is tackling one particular aspect of pollution, another problem would shift to another sector. Britain has a problem with embarking upon the environmental issue on the whole35.Therefore, in a brief summary of the above conclusions, it can be said that the environmental issues themselves are not seemingly the problem. Moreover, it is the funding of the implementation that causes the problems. Environmental issues are being discovered and publicize weekly. If the nation were to consider only issues relating to the environment (which it seems the Green Party and other such organisation are aiming for), there would be no advancement in other fields. Therefore, the question of sustainable development is highligh ted again. How much should a nation consider the state of the environment, when clearly it needs to concentrate on the economy? As everyone is aware, the government obtains most of its funding from taxes. If they were to continuously tax the nation, then no one would vote for them.Therefore, they have to bind their policies with one another and establish a sustainable method in which to provide both for the present, and the growing nation. Consequently, on the whole, the implementation of policies and legislation appear to be having a generally good effect on the atmospheric pollution level in Britain. One question remains, however, and that is, for how long will the preventative principle prevail, and will be sufficient in curbing an environmental hazard?In essence, it appears as though sustainable development is the processor of environmental and political ideology, and that government policy, and legislative implementation is delivering a ripe task in the field of atmospheric p ollution in maintaining sustainable development. After all, it must be remembered, that no organisation in this world is flawless in its methods, and with it come faults, as is evident with the topic of atmospheric pollution. On the whole, policy and legislation appear to be achieving the ever perfervid goal of sustainability.

McDonald’s

McDonalds retail outlet resembles a machine in some ways. McDonalds has legion(predicate) employees that were hired for a certain job position. Without those employees, at that place would be a missing part to the machine, therefore the line of products would not operate properly. The employees represent the parts to the machine that do adept thing, over and over again. When you go to McDonalds, you place your request with the cashier, then the order is sent to the cooks, and then there is someone there who bags your food.Without any of those mess how would McDonalds operate? If an employee calls out sick and doesnt show up to work, they trace someone to replace them. Parts are replaceable. In terms of Frederick Taylors principles of scientific management, each tax performed at McDonalds has one best method. It is the managers right to find that best method. It is also the managers responsibility to hire and mark the employee that is using that method.It is the employees responsibility to perform the task using that method in order for McDonalds to run properly. In terms of Max Webers hierarchical structure, McDonalds is a major corporation for which its possessor has the highest authority and responsibility that everyone below him are doing their job functions correctly in order to maintain a triple-crown business. Then you have regional managers, district managers, warehousing managers, assistant managers/ supervisors, and the employees.In terms of Henri Fayols administrative principles of McDonalds, there is a chain of command from top to bottom. There are store owners, store managers, assistant managers, and the employees. There are organic lawal goals that must be met, and it is the responsibility of the managers to make sure that its employees are performing those tasks and adjacent the rule that are applied to all. I believe McDonalds has been a successful franchise due to a consistent commitment to standards.McDonalds success thrives o n adapting to consumer demands. McDonalds franchise restaurants became well known for the inspired and defining vision created by Kroc for his restaurant business. Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value was the companys motto, and customers knew that no matter where they travelled, they could desire on those qualities at every McDonalds they visited. Krocs brilliant marketing insights produced many winning strategies.He launched Hamburger University in 1961 in Elk Grove, Illinois, to train all franchisees in every aspect of McDonalds management. Kroc also targeted families as his best market share. This resulted in the debut of the Ronald McDonald clown character on television in 1963. There are many similarities in organization between McDonalds and other successful franchise organizations, such as Burger King, who was founded by James McLamore, and Glen Bell, founder of Taco Bell.These two mean visited McDonalds just afterwards Ray Kroc back in 1954. They all were very impresse d with the quick business operation that served so many people at once. mechanical organization of McDonalds retail outlets is the best method for the franchise with the work at of innovation so characteristic of the McDonalds enterprise because they kept their beliefs and determine throughout all these years which has made them very successful to this day.

Personal Challenge Essay

Theres plenty Of things Ill conduct to do in order to get through and through last nurture and have the grades to get into college. Participating in tell and asking questions will help me to bet term understand what were learning. Also, perusal for exams and quizzes will lead to better g reads, which will look full to colleges. Doing all work and getting it all turned in on age will h elf to improve my grades. A high school diploma is a must have for getting received into a good college. No college, no job in the future. fundamentally have to go to college in order to AC hive my Laos of universe an gymnastic trainer.Finding the right college is going to take some e time and research. A college I would really like to go to is Duquesne University. Would I eke to go there because thats where my baby went. I would first want to see if this special c allege would provide the education need to be an gymnastic trainer. I would also want to fin d out what the guidelines and requi rements be for getting into that school. I could research the school and see what I push aside find, or I could talk to the guidance counselor here at Keystone. I co old also talk to y sister about the layout of the school and where certain classes and places are.Playing basketball in college would also motivate me to stick with it. Playing basketball I could also get me a scholarship for college, so then my tuition wont be sooner so much for m Ive played basketball all my manner and been around many athletes. Ive seen ho w and why many injuries happen, and have had many injuries myself that required physic cal therapy with an gymnastic trainer. Being around this surroundings so much has really gotten me interested in being an athletic trainer. Eave always thought that it seemed like a fun career to ha eve.Im going to have to work very hard to achieve this endeavor of mine. Its not goanna be easy beck cause theres a lot of things to learns, exactly I know I can do it. Everyo ne has something they would love to grasp in their life. My goal I s to take up a career of being an athletic trainer. In order to achieve this I will have to work hard at everything do at school. Ill also have to get through both high school and cool leg with good grades. With that being said, achieving my goal of being an athletic trainer is g Anna be hard, but I can by all odds do it.

British contemporary art Essay

British contemporary nontextual matter is the finesse that developed in the late twentieth century and early 21st century in Britain. It was this era when thither came a kind of rejection for modern trick and the force and dynamism of overturn expressionism reduced. At the end of 1950s loose stools of early contemporary blind developed Pop fraud that emerged formerly in England and st cunninged with the exhibition of This Is tomorrow.The sixties prowess scene saw David Hockney, Peter Blake and Richard Hamilton during this time. Pop nontextual matter merchant ship be characterized by descriptions of common places that were placed in un compositors cased artistic ontexts, optical flickering of the foreign pop art movement were seen in the paintings of some artists and various new(prenominal) varieties in the work of legion(predicate) artists were appreciated. The styles that were diminished were put under the umbrella term of postmodernism. The development of pertly his toricism, ironic and detached, which generated a number of artistic neonism, marked the commencement of a new era in art.The Young British Artists movement in 1990s with the version of conceptual art that featured installations often achieved international recognition. Many new artists simultaneously tirred up and challenged history of art and gave a new definition to art that it is any work of art is an entity, which in itself is self-sufficient. The new art seemed to be sometimes detached with social soul and concentrated on issue driven field of studys and minorities akin gay, feminism etc.Another trend that is being seen in numerous whole full treatment of art is the concept driven by the office of photography and language as the substance. Further contemporary art movement take ons digital art, which was initiated in mid-s tied(p)ties but became prevalent with the beginning of 21st century. The digital artists make use of softw argon and sophisticated computers on wit h video equipments and create an extremely varied work of art. Damien Hirst, internationally renowned and leader of Young British Artists dominate the art world in Britain especially during 1990s.The central theme of Hirsts work is death and his famous work was a series of gone animals preserved in formaldehyde. The Physical Impossibility of Death in the drumhead of Someone Living is a tiger shark dipped in formaldehyde in a vitrine and is of 14-feet, the sale of which made him worlds consequence highest expensive living artist. He is strong(p) known for his wrench paintings and spot paintings. When considering international constituteation his first major one was fetch and Child Divided in which a cow and a sura is cut into pieces and displayed in a series of split vitrines.Damien Hirst is considered as the second most famous living British artist after David Hockney. He was born in 1965 in Bristol and was brought up by his mother and stepfather. earlier going to college he did a basic course in Leeds school of Art and then moved to London in 1986 and graduated in 1989 at Goldsmith College in BA Fine Art course. During his scholarly person life he held an exhibition Freeze in Docklands w argonhouse for which he himself conceived the idea, organized it as well as promoted it too.This exhibition commenced his c beer along with many other young British artists. In this Mishra 3 manoeuver several of Damiens art pieces were exhibited along with the works of his 16 swearword students of Goldsmith College. It can be said that this self-promoting exhibition gave agency to head whizt Young British Artists movement. Ex-Thatcher ad-man, Charles Saatchi got impressed by his works and displayed some of his works in the first Charles Saatchis Young British Artists show.Saatchi even bought A Thousand Years, a piece of Damien in 1990 and since then he has created a lot of pieces and has been esteem by collectors as well as curators and his works atomic nu mber 18 considered extraordinarily provocative. In 1991, he filled an art gallery with live tropical butterflies and presented an installation named In and Out of fill out. The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Minds of Someone Living, a piece that made him the second highest expensive living artist, was commissioned for astir(predicate) US$32,000 in 1992.This made Damien a media icon and since then media and familiar both started to mitate, praise and also criticize him. The Young British Artists of Damiens generation is completely different from their preceding generation and are well known for their entrepreneurial spirit, independence and media savvy. Most of them are self-promoters and get sponsored privately. They did not depend on government agencies to discover their talent and then present them as was done earlier but instead they displayed their talent with the function of private sponsors who readily organized exhibitions for them.Hirst tried to develop explorati on of mortality as the central theme of his prowesss and extended it with humor, ynamism, novelty and enthusiasm. His The Natural memoir series, which is quite well known among his admirers, taked dead animals presented, as momento mori as an irony on natural history. This series disclose the contemplation of his prelude and the work of art has a visual power which is not mathematical to be set forth in words. Without having the experience of the series one cannot forecast or envisage it.If Hirsts productions were to be categorized, it would be done in three types and they are paintings, the glass tank pieces and cabinet sculptures. Considering his paintings hat are divided into spot paintings and spin paintings. Spot paintings can be described as those paintings that are randomly organized and the canvases are color-spotted and their titles refer to pharmaceutical chemicals. Spin paintings are individually created with the help of centrifugal force and is literary done on a spinning table.His glass tank sculptures include dead animals or animals cut into pieces wish awe, shark or sheep that are kept in formaldehyde perched in death. Hirsts cabinet sculptures include collection of bottles of pills or working(a) tools that are on highly pose shelves. Damien Hirst was very quick in sharing his ideas and interest areas and very easily conveyed his message. His pieces of art were most simple but at the same(p) time had obscure ideas knitted along. Along with his paintings he expanded hobby-art technique that tried to attract audience towards the beauty and extreme energy of every which way paintings.Hirsts piece of art in which a single fish is suspended in formaldehyde was admired as a attribute of advanced art and plurality came to know that how ordinary things placed in an artistic manner could attract and look beautiful. Some of Hirsts pieces of art ike Alone Yet Together which include a cabinet that held degree centigrade small fishes in small tanks of formaldehyde and Loss of Memory is worse than Death which included a steel batting cage that contained several vitrines with surgical mask, syringe and gloves were auctioned but failed to sell.Damien puts the blame on media that it makes the public believe the damage explanations from art critics and public get misguided and believe in them without even actually viewing the artwork. Damien is of the opinion that people understand as well as appreciate artwork even if they dont receive an art degree because nyone has the basic knowledge of visual background, which makes them understand complex advertisements too. It is only because people are not exposed to artworks frequently they are unable to express or appreciate it.Damien now insists that his spin paintings should be provided with spinning equipment on the wall so that there is no discombobulation well-nigh the upper side of the painting. As far his spot paintings are concerned they have become an icon of Hi rsts artwork. Usually it is seen that Damiens work have recurring themes in a different way and one of is themes is cigarettes and the best example is his piece of work, Party Time. Damien considers take in as a theoretical suicide and he stated, The concept of a slow suicide through smoking is a really corking idea, a powerful thing to do.One more(prenominal) theme that is seen quite common in Hirsts art is medical equipment and he had been infatuated and he wants people to believe in art barely as they believe in medicine. The flood of ideas and images that Damiens artwork creates leaves admirers of art amazed, fascinated and also threatened. One of the themes in Damiens paintings is emptiness equal in He Tried to Internalize Everything and The Acquired Inability to Escape he displays a small cage like structure in which objects like desk, chair and other things usually needed for human interaction are seen covered with glass but there is human presence lacking.The facial e xpression or intension of the artists behind these works can only be experienced and there is no hesitancy of solving any business in this piece of art. Since the things are intimate a glass cage the feeling seems to be suffocating and frustrating. Damien has fascination for glass because even though it is solid and dangerous it is transparent. It allows anyone to see everything but you cannot touch anything kept inside it. Damiens split of tank pieces are with animals in formaldehyde where they cannot go through any natural process and he finds it quite intemperate to preserve them completely.He believes that the idea behind any creation is more important than the actual piece that has been used for the purpose. He wants his creative pieces to polish till his lifetime and he is not much bothered about them after it. These animals are most famous among his works and at the same time they have been quite controversial too. He was awarded the Turner look upon for Mother and Chi ld, Divided and Damien says, I want people feel like burgers. I chose a cow because it was banal. Its just nothing. It doesnt besotted anything. What is the difference between a cow and a burger?Not a lot I want people to look at cows and feel Oh My God, so then in turn, it makes them feel like burgers. Damien wants to make people look at ordinary things in a different way and he believes that they are frightening. He wants people to question because one thing that is useful in one way can be just opposite the other and this change of function is what makes things frightening. He says that the same is with art. He has received many letters in which people have protested, threatened or laid moral objections to the use of animals in Damiens artwork.But Damien himself is very sympathetic about animals and most of his animals are bought from slaughterhouses or have died their natural death. Damien had quite a lot of difficulty convincing concerned authority his pieces of art were to b e considered art and not food, as he was not allowed to take his artwork for an exhibition in United States. Again in August 1995 Damien was banned to exhibit his artwork Two Fucking, Two Watching which included dead cows be intimate without formaldehyde.The objection was that the methane gas would explode the glass and would probably prompt purge among the visitors. Damiens art installation that got changed into restaurant, which was followed to sale very shortly, is just an example that Damien is simply interested in art rather than conventional media. He is a versatile artist and his art include paintings, video, sculptures and every other media in between them. He has also designed cover art for albums, directed a music video and even was opus of an art and dash exhibition in 1996 at theHayward Gallery with his short film Hanging Around.He included many of his pop star friends from London to provide music for this film. In 1998 he became a part of a pop group and recorded tw o singles. Damien has also worked on quite a few side projects. Damiens work has been admired and exhibited in Britain, the USA, Korea, Australia and many other countries in Europe. His works are included in public museums and galleries as well as in lots of private collections too. He lives with his sons Connor and Cassius and his girlfriend Maia Norman in Devon and works at his home.

Knowing Your Audience Paper Essay

Most people would never want to imagine themselves or a family member being trap under base for purge one day entirely the victims of those who were trapped under the Chilean bulls eye mine had to meditate not one day but counterbalance two months. According to The New York Times Company(2014), On Aug. 5, 2010, a halcyon and copper mine near the northerly city of Copiap, Chile hollow outd in, pin down 33 miners in a chamber slightly 2,300 feet below the emerge. At this judgment of conviction no one knew the well being or the nature of the stance that happened at the copper mine. During this condemnation talk amongst employers, families members involved, trapped miners and those set in wander to find a resolution to this problem was very vital. Some functions to keep in mind when considering roles and audiences is to desexualize what reading to give and how it should be expressed or conveyed to the audience.For example, if youre fine-looking direct and urgent st udy, you wouldnt send this type of information every last(predicate) over an email, it would be more appropriate to say it face to face. It is classic to consider how much does the audience know around the topic or message you are sharing at that age. In the situation with the trapped miners the capability pauperisms that should be considered and expressed to the families of the trapped miners would be first addressing what happened. This information should be disposed(p) directly, face to face, to all family members involved. It is important to give the family as much detail about the incident as possible but not so much that it proves them alarmed and upset. Also another thing to add is the arrest or well being of the trapped miners. If the information isnt avail qualified its best to let them know although at that place isnt much information at this time, but as soon as the information is available, they pass on be first to know.Also the last need that the family mem bers affected by this incident would need is to understand and know what the employers and squad of experts are doing to find a solution to the problem and how often drop they know the extent and whereabouts of the situation. At this point after meeting the potence needs of the families involved, its also important to understand and know the potency needs of the companys employees. Although they may not be the family members or those who are actually trapped at that moment, they also play a vital role. Some potential needs for the companys employees would be to communicate effectively. Although the situation itself must pay back been very tragic if on that point was effective communication, there would be no way forthe employees at that time to supporter save those trapped. Also another need that needs to be met would be extra training and understanding of what took place, where it went wrong, and how to fix the problem.Without the employees having a end or strategy of how th ey could effectively resolve or help the situation it could ca theatrical role retaliation or resentment. After the message about the incident, and the actions or political platform that is put in place has been verified and delivered to all important parties and involved its important that all those involved are able to convey what they heard and understood before and after the message is given. To make reliable the message was received as properly and effectively you have to consider each audience which would be the trapped miners, employees and families. The message given to each party cannot be given the same. Also the channel has to be considered, again in this situation you wouldnt send this information done an email or memo, this information that has to be conveyed face to face.It is also in effect(p) to give information based on the listeners take aim of understanding and to talk with the parties that involve a way opening up the way for cooperation and in this situatio n it would be much needed. An effective communication as the mining company to the family members of the trapped miners would be face to face. During this time the mining company would say with sincerity and clarity that At this time we are deeply sorry to announce that we have understood and wise to(p) that on Aug. 5, 2010, a gold and copper mine near the northern city of Copiap, caved in, trapping 33 miners in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the ground. At this time we arent certain what exactly caused the cave in and we arent certain the condition of the miners at this time.We will be working around the clock to get more information about the well being of the trapped miners. Also at this moment there will be specialist and experts going to the scene to analyze and claver the situation at hand. After further observation of the experts then will we know what plan will be put in place to rescue our crack employees. As soon as we are make aware of the plan we will let you know. We hope that we can all work together effectively which much understanding and cooperation from us and you so that we can bring your family members back to you. Also an effective communication mingled with the mining company and the employees would be a face to face channel. At that time the company would express, Im sad to announce to you that our fellowemployees have been caved in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the ground in the northern city of Copiap.There are 33 at this time trapped and waiting to be rescued. We arent sure of the condition of the each employee but we all hope that we can all deduce together to help the best way we can to make sure that those who are trapped are in good condition. Although we never plan for anything like this to take place but unfortunately we have to use the way we were trained to assess the situation. At this time along with yourself the family members of the trapped miners are already being informed. Please lets not alarm the families wi th information that has not been given or confirmed. Our main deputation is to stay calm, offer up many prayers and work together in unity. During this time we will be working around the clock to help as much as we can and the company will entrust meals, clean working clothes and a place to sleep. However you animadvert you can help or what will better the situation amuse send your requests or opinions to us directly. Thank you so much for your cooperation in help.